tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19349793470384342142024-03-19T09:59:34.611+00:00Stuart Marsden's Conservation Research GroupStuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.comBlogger66125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-39701945816128559302019-02-26T11:36:00.000+00:002019-02-26T11:36:30.047+00:00Mapping Urban Stock Doves in Manchester<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by James Richardson & Stu</i><br /><br />A quick search for scientific literature on Britain’s five ‘native’ columbids was revealing. For various reasons, <i>Columba livia</i> returned a whacking 3778 papers, while Woodpigeon had 147 papers, Collared Dove 130 papers, and Turtle Dove 78 papers. It was no surprise that Stock Dove was in last place with just 21 papers mentioning it by name, and only five in which the self-effacing <i>Columba oenas</i> was anywhere close to centre stage in an ecological study.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stock Dove <i>Columba oenas (Photo: Chris Cant https://www.flickr.com/photos/81624096@N00/4290268363n)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This neglect is not for want of somewhere to study them - Stock doves are fairly widespread across UK and Europe, even in large urban areas such as Manchester. But the species seems to be patchily distributed, easily overlooked, and its detailed ecological needs far from understood. Unusually for a pigeon, it is a cavity-nester, and this might put stress on its demographics, especially in urban areas where large trees are not everywhere to be found. While their wood-pigeon cousins have seen a boom in population over the last few years, stock doves continue to have an <a href="https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/uk-conservation-status-explained">Amber conservation status</a>. <br /><br />This Masters project (with Stu and Alex Lees) aims to map stock doves’ distribution in Manchester and then investigate the different environmental factors of this distribution. Basically what we will do is to find as many habitat patches which contain stock doves and compare the habitat and location characteristics of these with areas where they are not present. Underpinning this, a field survey will be done within the M60 ring road to identify as many locations with stock doves as possible. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Modelled distribution for stock doves within the M60 ring road</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Choosing where to survey</b><br /><br />The project draws heavily on Citizen Science data - historical data for the species from <a href="https://manchesterbirding.activeboard.com/">Manchester Birding forum</a> and <a href="https://ebird.org/">eBird</a> has 448 sightings at 32 different sites. The current recorded locations of stock doves from MBF and eBird were used in a species distribution model to predict other suitable habitat in Manchester. The OS Greenspace map was used which designates land based on its usage, for example, playing fields, park, or cemetery. Environmental layers that contributed to the Maxent model came from OS open data, OS master map, DEFRA and the Forestry Commission. The ‘environmental’ layers used in this model were:<br />• OS Master map descriptive layers<br />• Size of OS land packet<br />• Proximity to water course<br />• Proximity to woodland<br />• Land management of site<br /><br />From the output model areas of high likelihood of stock dove presence were identified by producing cells with a value based on the sum of all their neighbours. These cells were then put into groups and identified as predicted stock dove habitat. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The historical data shows a reasonably consistent view of the locations where stock doves are found. While the spring field survey will concentrate mainly on new sites, it would also be great to get more recent records for some of the locations that haven’t had a recording for the last 5 or more years. If Manchester birders can keep an eye/ear out (we know you do already!) for stock doves in the coming year, we would really appreciate the help <a href="http://stockdoves.jakobo.eu/">click here</a>. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times, "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Stock Dove pair in Birchfields Park, Manchester <i>(Photo: Alex Lees)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>Choosing When to Survey</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The predicted sites will be visited between March and May when there should be the highest chance of viewing/hearing stock doves. Looking at the historical data most stock dove sightings per proportion of all sightings were between March and July, whereas most overall sightings were in March and April.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The following new sites will all be visited during Spring 2019<br />* Broadoak Park<br />* Gorton Reservoirs<br />* Clayton Vale<br />* Salford Sports Village<br />* Highfield Country Park<br />* Broad EES Dole<br />* Platt Fields Park<br />* The Cliff/Kersal Dale<br />* LIVIA Silverdale<br />* Tom Husband Leisure Complex<br />* Buile Hill Park<br />* Northenden Golf Course<br />* Blackley Forest<br />* Didsbury Golf Course<br />* Philips Park, Clayton<br />* Fog Lane Park<br />* Wythenshawe Sports Ground<br />* Bolton Road Playing Fields<br />* Newton Heath<br />* Mersey between Wilmslow Road and Mersey Vale Nature Park<br />* LIVIA Forest Bank<br />* Broadhurst Park<br />* River Tame East of Reddish Vale<br />* Manchester Ship Canal near Trafford Centre<br />* Near Ashcroft Bridge over Irwell<br />* Gosjac A.C. Fishing Ponds near Mersey Vale Nature Reserve<br />* Birchfields Park<br />* LIVIA The Nursery<br />* Willow Grove Cemetery<br />* Queen's Park<br />* Chorlton-Cum-Hardy Golf Course<br />* Brookdale Golf Course<br /><br />These sites will also be revisited as there are no recent recordings of stock doves:<br />* Ashton Moss<br />* Boggart Hole<br />* Weaste (Cemetery and WTW)<br />* Northern Cemetery<br />* Hough End Playing Fields<br /><br />More about this project can be <a href="http://stockdoves.jakobo.eu/">read here</a>. </span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-77908084946591482692018-10-06T13:13:00.002+01:002018-10-06T20:17:18.675+01:00Our Newton Fund Researcher Links workshop on dry forests<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Stu & Christian Devenish</i><br /> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In early August, our Newton Fund Researcher Links workshop on dry forests took place in Lima, Peru. There has been a whole series of calls for workshops recently, usually in support of project proposal planning for the Newton Fund applications and bringing together early career researchers with more experienced academics. The Newton Fund is a £735M funding scheme managed by the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS). The Newton fund builds research and innovation partnerships with 17 active partner countries to support their economic development and social welfare. Some of this research is in the environmental field so these funds could go a long way to bridging knowledge gaps on ecological/conservation issues in biodiverse countries, perhaps. Countries covered by the Newton Fund are those who are potential recipients of Overseas Development Agency funding – generally the lower and middle income countries of the world. The workshop was organised by MMU and our partner university in Peru, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, through Armando Valdes.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Above - Toby Pennington on dry forests generally and DRYFLOR in particular; Below - Armando Valdes introducing the session on capacity building (<i>Photos: Alex Lees</i>)</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We were able to fund the attendance of around 36 people at the workshop, roughly split equally between UK scientists, those from Peru itself, and those from other eligible Latin American countries (Argentina and Colombia). We wanted folk from a mix of relevant disciplines, and also ones at different stages of their careers – from old silverbacks like myself to early career researchers. In addition to academics, we also wanted staff from NGOs and, of course, from government agencies. The aim of the workshop was to discuss and produce a road map for important research in the region’s dry forests.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Nice mix of dry forest ecologists at different stages of their research careers from Argentina, Peru and UK (<i>Photo: Alex Lees</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The event started with a fantastically informative talk on South America’s dry forests by Toby Pennington from University of Exeter. He coordinates DRYFLOR, a network of (mainly) botanists mapping and tracking plant species in drylands across the region from Mexico and Colombia in the north to Argentina in the south. Toby stressed how extensive (more so than wet forests in South America) and how important in terms of carbon, biodiversity and livelihoods they are. They are neglected when compared to their more glamourous cousin in the Amazon Basin. We then turned our attention to the NGO perspective on what are the challenges in implementing dry forest conservation by Gina Rodríguez from Fundacion Ecosistemas Secos in Colombia).</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Left - Gina Rodriguez presenting on challenges to dry forest conservation; Right - Kelvin Peh talking us through the TESSA toolkit for ecosystem service evaluation (<i>Photos: Alex Lees</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The second day focused on research approaches and methods that can help us to understand the important issues discussed on Day 1. This included a very informative talk by Kelvin Peh from University of Southampton on the TESSA toolkit for assessing ecosystem services. We broke into groups to discuss issues around measuring biodiversity, ecosystem services, remote sensing, and working with local communities. Finally, we heard about country-specific research needs from Colombia (Andrés Avella), Peru (Maria de los Angeles La Torre), and Argentina (led by Santiago Veron). The final day of the workshop, chaired by Armando Valdés, focussed on capacity building and how we can help to facilitate research linked to conservation action in the dry forests. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">We rarely escaped the confines of the workshop hotel but did see this urban Osprey and a few other nice species on the Miraflores oceanfront (<i>Photo: Alex Lees</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After the workshop, we flew to Iquitos for the Peruvian Ornithological Congress at Universidad Científica del Perú. This was a very enjoyable and productive four days meeting local students as well as some of the big names in Neotropical ornithology. Stu delivered one of the plenaries on wildlife trade impacts, while Christian spoke about his research on Peruvian Plantcutters in northern Peru, and ran, alongside Renzo Piana, an ex-PhD student from MMU, a workshop on endangered species in Peru. Stu even managed a day of birding in the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo-Mishana, which brought the only new bird of the trip, Mishana Tyrannulet.</span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy4wtg7rOqHwxczmclpq-aSTC0r-4F9UgXtwoJqz_Qu28f-Pez6LBfTChFap61bv8t5fl0xwk60m-QjRxCkeA-GcHEB3Gp5uTyW2omMWPcTWwANFV_hEEqQL2TtNRRMYKR0r9B9o3M83qL/s1600/honorary+degree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="1024" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhy4wtg7rOqHwxczmclpq-aSTC0r-4F9UgXtwoJqz_Qu28f-Pez6LBfTChFap61bv8t5fl0xwk60m-QjRxCkeA-GcHEB3Gp5uTyW2omMWPcTWwANFV_hEEqQL2TtNRRMYKR0r9B9o3M83qL/s640/honorary+degree.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Plenary speakers at the congress receiving Honorary Doctorates from UCP (<i>Photo: </i><i>Diego García Olaechea)</i></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: black;"><span class="FullNameGroup"><span class="fullname show-popup-with-id u-textTruncate "></span></span></span></span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This work was supported by a Newton Fund Researcher Links grant ID 2017-RLWK9-359523202, under the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia partnership. The grant is funded by the UK Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy and CONCYTEC and delivered by the British Council. For further information, please visit www.newtonfund.ac.uk.</span></span><br />
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<![endif]-->Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-3447600389800274292018-10-03T15:18:00.000+01:002018-10-03T15:18:03.403+01:00Biodiversity surveys on Gunung Slamet<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Christian Devenish & Stu</i><br /><br />After several months of preparation – obtaining permits and local permissions, appointing staff, buying equipment and sorting logistics - we were finally ready to start our mountain surveys to support placement of new protected areas or extensions of existing PAs in the uplands of Java <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.com/2018/10/heightening-protection-for-javas.html">see previous post</a>)</span>. The project, funded by <a href="http://www.rainforesttrust.org/">Rainforest Trust</a>, kicked off at Slamet, a large and biologically very important mountain in Central Java. This portion of the fieldwork is also supported by <a href="http://www.chesterzoo.org/">Chester Zoo</a> who have a keen interest in bird species affected by the <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.com/2017/05/asian-songbird-crisis-meeting-and.html">Asian Songbird Crisis</a>.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZj78ADgW_Esa0QiilFaVVh8Dq0xwvgJN2EWSqkL8YbzVEeQKGb96VG__dMiECt3ukVLBh5vAwLTEfZP86H-DQP3tK492kQjvIgDhFcb-XlAfRmAqywVwzf9Vcs5P_otFTpzGaveHqhkeB/s1600/Gabby+Salazar_MMU_web-1708.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZj78ADgW_Esa0QiilFaVVh8Dq0xwvgJN2EWSqkL8YbzVEeQKGb96VG__dMiECt3ukVLBh5vAwLTEfZP86H-DQP3tK492kQjvIgDhFcb-XlAfRmAqywVwzf9Vcs5P_otFTpzGaveHqhkeB/s640/Gabby+Salazar_MMU_web-1708.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUKgoEdyMCR1d1rNloWnS53L7WcMOjOPfNvF6NjeSvGNXnNFzFVO4ARrqToM1-Q_snzFTghr-vpmErPEY63rB-ZqUAbqXt8Q0kiRAC3OQrOnkvbEiI47D9QX46fsitFbJs_Ja6AJiGcpLu/s1600/Gabby+Salazar_MMU_web-2164.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1067" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUKgoEdyMCR1d1rNloWnS53L7WcMOjOPfNvF6NjeSvGNXnNFzFVO4ARrqToM1-Q_snzFTghr-vpmErPEY63rB-ZqUAbqXt8Q0kiRAC3OQrOnkvbEiI47D9QX46fsitFbJs_Ja6AJiGcpLu/s640/Gabby+Salazar_MMU_web-2164.jpg" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Into the field <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(<i>Photos: Gabby Salazar www.gabbysalazar.com</i>)</span></span></span></span> </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The six week stint on Slamet started with some preparations in Purwokerto, a nice town of a quarter of a million folk to the south of the mountain. A visit to the local bird market was interesting – a lot of bird market surveys get done in Java and Sumatra, especially in the huge central markets like Pramuka market in Jakarta, and Bratang market in Surabaya. Perhaps ‘underwatched’ are the small provincial markets and town shops that presumably sell a lot of birds across Java. At Purwokerto, 10-12 shops and stalls had an interesting mix of the exotic and local. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGdsJjkWiybhBbXgILlQwlOB1u3OfBuoH90dD06UO8AzzBVy-e7n26f8BiZh9AZBYR9yt30D0zVyCptyhEm-gF-vxZivbc2Db-q5YwJwCU_M2SZLe8nWnejCX7Jb4XcwEhRGYWEtX5aPQc/s1600/market+montage.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="780" data-original-width="836" height="596" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGdsJjkWiybhBbXgILlQwlOB1u3OfBuoH90dD06UO8AzzBVy-e7n26f8BiZh9AZBYR9yt30D0zVyCptyhEm-gF-vxZivbc2Db-q5YwJwCU_M2SZLe8nWnejCX7Jb4XcwEhRGYWEtX5aPQc/s640/market+montage.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Purwokerto bird market held a variety of birds - exotic lovebirds, the expensive Jalak Putih (Black-winged Myna), as well as locally-caught birds from Slamet <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(<i>Photos: Gabby Salazar www.gabbysalazar.com</i>)</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lovebirds of all colours made up an encouraging number (as they are captive-bred) of the birds for sale, as did Zebra doves and other columbids. Some of the more expensive species were also present – including a couple of Black-winged Mynas and White-rumped Shamas, and leafbirds both from Java and Sumatra. Other birds of particular conservation concern that were certainly wild-caught included Ruby-throated Bulbul (Vulnerable), Orange-spotted Bulbul (Near-threatened), and Chestnut-capped Thrush (NT). But there was a definite local flavour to the birds on sale – with species such as Mountain Leaf Warblers, tailorbirds, Little Pied and Indigo Flycatchers, and Rufous-tailed Fantail all said to have come locally from Slamet.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vyDLonbbnaEYDBcxCGtGDUmZ1sMO939NukX_SVs35xu3jZFdi1rBnyA3P36MUtDZsBoNmlFQg0OAmMeKTf6D3gOqaSh73CWxOw2p0nUB1Usyi0bdHbB0TkeLBW8bCh2W4UmAVO_GeUCb/s1600/montage+fieldwork.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="726" data-original-width="1082" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5vyDLonbbnaEYDBcxCGtGDUmZ1sMO939NukX_SVs35xu3jZFdi1rBnyA3P36MUtDZsBoNmlFQg0OAmMeKTf6D3gOqaSh73CWxOw2p0nUB1Usyi0bdHbB0TkeLBW8bCh2W4UmAVO_GeUCb/s640/montage+fieldwork.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Fieldwork on Gunung Slamet <span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">(<i>Photos: Gabby Salazar www.gabbysalazar.com</i>)</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Our team assembled in a hotel in Purwokerto – Christian and Stu from MMU, field ornithologist, Ridha Junaid, from <a href="http://www.burung.org/">Burung Indonesia</a>, Rick Stanley and <a href="http://www.gabbysalazar.com/">Gabby Salazar</a>, experienced PhD students/wildlife recorders from USA, Ganjar and Arya, students from the local university, and guides Pak Karso, Pak Karbo and his son, and a team of porters – with all the equipment and rice, we were not travelling light. A quick trot through paddies and a waterfall recreational area – and we were at the forest edge, at around 700 m a.s.l. The northern side of the mountain is largely deforested below 2,000 m – hence our keenness to survey the steep southern slopes which have retained much of their forest, and we hope, its wildlife.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Javan Gibbons were recorded several times around 7-800 m (<i>Photo: Gabby Salazar www.gabbysalazar.com</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Even from our camp close to the edge of the forest, we could see and hear both Javan Gibbons and Javan Hawk-eagles. We had several sightings in the local area, boding well for their populations on the mountain. During the first day, an important job was to test both the camera traps and audio recorders. Both sets of tech seemed to be working OK so we deployed all 14 recorders and 20 cameras along two transects ranging from 700 m to over 1,200 m a.s.l. This is quite low in the schemes of things at Slamet – perhaps more of the interesting and target species will be located higher up, perhaps in the 1,500-2,200 m altitudinal range. Nevertheless, some good sightings were had (Javan Trogon; Pin-tailed Parrotfinch), and good mixed flocks encountered which bodes well for fieldwork higher up the mountain. Less encouraging were accounts from local people about the extent of trapping on the mountain – the whole area appears to be peppered with small hunter trails and there seem to be very few places that are inaccessible to trappers.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Above - sonogram of Javan Gibbon caught on one of the recorders; Below - the real thing - audio associated with this record.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We left the team, having finished Site 1 on Mountain 1. The team has been joined by <a href="https://www.lynxeds.com/product/birds-indonesian-archipelago">Bas van Balen</a> and Fajar, a research assistant from Burung with experience camera trapping on Sumatra– they head further up the mountain on a different trail, spending around two weeks camping up as high as 2,200 m. The fieldwork on each mountain will be divided up into sites, each taking around a week to complete. After arriving and making camp, the first day will be spent in two teams positioning the audio recorders and cameras. Detailed habitat data will be gathered at each recorder location – details of tree girths, understorey density and presence/absence of a whole range of habitat features (e.g. bamboo, rattans).</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The first mammal caught on our cameras - the poorly known<span class="st"><i> </i>Sunda stink badger <i>Mydaus javanensis</i></span></span></span> </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The cam<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">e</span>ras and recorders will be left out to record constantly for three full days and nights so there will be terabytes of data to be analysed. That leaves around three days before taking the tech back in to search more extensively across the site for the key species of birds, mammals and frogs that we are targeting. We will record the GPS locations of these species and take habitat data from those points to allow us to build a picture of their spatial distribution, habitat requirements, and reaction to human pressures. All this, in turn, will, along with detailed socio-economic data from local stakeholders, feed directly into decisions about where additional protected areas should be ideally located to secure Java's most important montane wildlife populations. </span></span><br />
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com12tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-1739318948217980672018-10-01T16:32:00.000+01:002018-10-01T16:32:07.490+01:00Heightening protection for Java's mountain wildlife <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Stu & Christian Devenish</i><br /><br />It is more than three years since Nigel Collar and I first discussed the need for extensive surveys of birds and other key endemic taxa across a whole range of mountains in West and Central Java. All of these mountains, including ones such as Gede-Pangrango which are well-known to many birders, are understudied, some have not been visited by biologists for half a century. This is a knowledge gap that needed to be filled quickly – the mountains are packed with Javan endemics; forest loss on most mountains has been significant, especially on their lower slopes; and <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.com/2017/05/asian-songbird-crisis-meeting-and.html">heavy trapping for the cagebird trade</a> has brought about reportedly precipitous declines in species such as Javan Green Magpie and Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush. </span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Above - montane forest on Gunung Slamet; Below - the bird market at Purwokerto, Central Java (<i>Photos: Gabby Salazar www.gabbysalazar.com</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Our recent review of ‘the state’ of West Java’s mountains including analysis of forest cover change (Higginbottom et al. <i>in press</i>), funded by the <a href="http://shearwaterfoundation.net/">Shearwater Foundation</a>, highlighted a series of around 20 mountains/blocks, all needing biological and socio-economic surveys fast. Coupled with this was a need and a desire by Indonesia’s Environment Ministry to consider expanding their protected area network in upland Java to better protect the country’s key species.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Maps
showing the locations of mountains we intend to survey, and forest
cover and loss since 1990 (from Higginbottom et al. in press)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A finding of our ‘Shearwater’ work was that forest inside of protected areas has indeed fared better than that outside of formal protection. This brought the project to the attention of <a href="https://www.rainforesttrust.org/">Rainforest Trust</a>, an NGO/Not for Profit which aims, through increasingly imaginative means, to expand the world’s protected area coverage. Finally, after much huffing and puffing, we are there – a four year project coordinated by <a href="http://www.burung.org/">Burung Indonesia</a>, the BirdLife partner in Indonesia, which aims to identify priority areas for conservation in the Javan uplands – ones which have important populations of key species and habitats and the conditions under which these can be protected into the future – and to take one or more of these areas right through to designation as official protected areas.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;">Project preparations in the Burung office in Bogor with L>R Rick Stanley,
Christian Devenish, Ria Saryanthi, Ridha Junaid & Stuart Marsden </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span lang="EN-US" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">(<i>Photo: Gabby Salazar www.gabbysalazar.com</i>)</span></span>. </span></span></span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One of the first steps in this pipeline to protection is to conduct socio-economic studies in and around the candidate mountains, and to survey as well as we can the wildlife they contain. With up to 20 mountains to cover, this is no mean feat. We need to find out how local communities use the forest and perceive its value and how this might change under protection. We also want to know about patterns of bird trapping and which areas might serve as sanctuaries or release sites for threatened birds in the future. Not least we need to know which species from a range of taxonomic groups survive on which mountains, where they occur and in what kind of numbers in which habitats. We certainly cannot survey everything everywhere – so the choice of taxa, locations and methods have taken a great deal of thought. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNnGIn7XZFuAaDDRH7UEXYAFtJOluzKF2eFHl3OnjEfunHqx6y3kdhw5fCW9L5k725s5tDfVPBi0vas6KWZ6mBQgc2gUsT-5_hyiBuIPrwyXczJYbcxhDjgcp7B9VT1wMrlHEXneqCtl5W/s1600/IMG_0744.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="640" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNnGIn7XZFuAaDDRH7UEXYAFtJOluzKF2eFHl3OnjEfunHqx6y3kdhw5fCW9L5k725s5tDfVPBi0vas6KWZ6mBQgc2gUsT-5_hyiBuIPrwyXczJYbcxhDjgcp7B9VT1wMrlHEXneqCtl5W/s400/IMG_0744.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Capacity building in action. Above - Ridha (far right) joined our bird surveying workshop in Bogor as a student a couple of years ago. Below - Ridha talking birds with local students as a researcher on the Rainforest Trust project.</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, we have plumped for a system of week-long surveys at multiple sites within mountains. We have also decided on a fusion of controlled and relatively high tech surveys using remote cameras and acoustic recorders arranged along transects, and more extensive ‘quick and dirty’ encounter rate searches for key species. Records from the latter may feed into spatial distributional analyses (such as ENFAs) which will help to identify hotspots for protection at the local level. Key groups we are focusing on are birds of course, ground-dwelling mammals and primates such as Javan Gibbon, and selected amphibians.<br /> </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqKprP7c3qwVPnnEvW7kGcVCnEsZQnU3v4pGat9Y6JLlwR_tp0X6ENXxsz-0XSqPZ0XouWOUwwUQ-V7jTdDRZ73QAHbCqd1o1ImHlvIF0BX2cpuXg3rjoylFUoMW-11x9SrtN4Y7yPB7V7/s400/Gabby+Salazar_MMU_web-1864.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="400" /></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Above - The fieldwork is quite tech-heavy compared to our usual projects. Below - We will be surveying remotely and actively birds, mammals and amphibians (<i>Photos: </i><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Gabby Salazar www.gabbysalazar.com</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqnWQGnaQiGnBnmeQekS3aQuVVxZnPeb7ottKyk3SXplTlYvFN5TTKGO5TbQn-yXLf7GjadqvMUpekl2ujSkcRGMYlzynBorzvndg2FtNMkbz-Euj0ZR_SqTkjDkXPKFcy9XCfFX_jkEL3/s1600/Gabby+Salazar_MMU_web-8805.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" data-original-height="1067" data-original-width="1600" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqnWQGnaQiGnBnmeQekS3aQuVVxZnPeb7ottKyk3SXplTlYvFN5TTKGO5TbQn-yXLf7GjadqvMUpekl2ujSkcRGMYlzynBorzvndg2FtNMkbz-Euj0ZR_SqTkjDkXPKFcy9XCfFX_jkEL3/s400/Gabby+Salazar_MMU_web-8805.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Our first survey has just started on Gunung Slamet in Central Java, the most easterly of our mountains and one that has special significance on account of its large size and relatively isolated position. With additional funding from our friends at <a href="http://www.chesterzoo.org/">Chester Zoo</a>, we have around six weeks on various parts of the mountain. We have a team of 8-10 in the field comprising Ridha Junaid and a researcher from Burung Indonesia, Rick Stanley and <a href="http://www.gabbysalazar.com/">Gabby Salazar</a>, experienced PhD students/wildlife recorders from USA, two students from the local university (capacity building is a key component of the project), and Pak Karso and his excellent team of local guides. Periodically, they will be joined by Bas van Balen, Christian, myself and a whole series of other people over the next 18 months as they move from mountain to mountain. </span></span><br />
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-39164482186521237092018-06-01T18:05:00.000+01:002018-06-07T19:34:35.923+01:00Chaona Phiri and the Black-cheeked Lovebird<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Chaona Phiri </i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In June of 2017, my boss Trevor Robson returned from a visit to the BirdLife International Secretariat in Cambridge very excited about a chat he had with Nigel Collar. They apparently discussed me and the work I was doing on birds in Zambia. One of those species is the Black-cheeked Lovebird <i>Agapornis nigrigenis</i> a localized parrot restricted to the deciduous Mopane woodlands of South western Zambia.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_5P8a7yC5iaAZkMtgHkVSmRoE3l_j506KekBEsYxSUAdauwzH2kEpLsxmFF7NUdvaZZ2MDK0bw7_jIAxAFYrSGAfp83Ok_nSedk20cGPGsvsRk8rlSOjyCkzSnM_vtS-Okl9h5m3cspj/s1600/Black-cheeked_Lovebird_2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="710" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi7_5P8a7yC5iaAZkMtgHkVSmRoE3l_j506KekBEsYxSUAdauwzH2kEpLsxmFF7NUdvaZZ2MDK0bw7_jIAxAFYrSGAfp83Ok_nSedk20cGPGsvsRk8rlSOjyCkzSnM_vtS-Okl9h5m3cspj/s640/Black-cheeked_Lovebird_2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Vulnerable Black-cheeked Lovebird <i>Agapornis nigrigenis (Photo: Chao)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">My name is Chaona Phiri and I work as an ecologist at BirdWatch Zambia (BWZ), BirdLife International’s partner in Zambia. I have been with BWZ for close to 10 years, having joined them as a student intern in 2008. So, Trevor mentioned that Nigel Collar was interested in having a student in Zambia to work on the Black-cheeked Lovebird (BCL); its now near endemic to Zambia as there have been some local extinctions in wild populations of Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. I was apparently the preferred student since I had already done some work on these species and working for the BirdLife partner in Zambia.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisRPs40yw2Jb-JyUpZJHszTiX-wYvYgcLfSF6csfRRIaRfLJsb9IFE4LiCutxvvtNqUxrnFEEY0vNuMaEKlHshzAZxWb4VkMkH6LdCEfX2Ur-XiV_egOUg90-4nc7FP62naf2NKYqunrWY/s1600/DSCF7485.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisRPs40yw2Jb-JyUpZJHszTiX-wYvYgcLfSF6csfRRIaRfLJsb9IFE4LiCutxvvtNqUxrnFEEY0vNuMaEKlHshzAZxWb4VkMkH6LdCEfX2Ur-XiV_egOUg90-4nc7FP62naf2NKYqunrWY/s640/DSCF7485.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Chao and Birdwatch Zambia team counting birds</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By the end of 2017, I had not only been talking to Nigel but had also been introduced to Stu Marsden and Christian Devenish who have since been helping with fundraising and designing what exactly we will do on the BCL project. With funding from the Loro Parque Fundacion, I will will undertake a part-time doctoral research programme over a projected five-year period at Manchester Metropolitan University. Part-time because I will be based in Zambia and still working for the BWZ.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBaG5lDPUL_CfhYonzyLtaNmOSRKI_pCUXvFybeQG5XxsvmisAz5hfM2H-JOcBzZV21NUVGj4q6x5S2fCLMGkJo-ufchfCRwYbDbjJiLysITWxbQmo5PH4_j2qSSj8I4-jDOdYk_hsGfBP/s1600/Mopane+woodland-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBaG5lDPUL_CfhYonzyLtaNmOSRKI_pCUXvFybeQG5XxsvmisAz5hfM2H-JOcBzZV21NUVGj4q6x5S2fCLMGkJo-ufchfCRwYbDbjJiLysITWxbQmo5PH4_j2qSSj8I4-jDOdYk_hsGfBP/s640/Mopane+woodland-2.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Above: Zambia's Mopane woodland on which the lovebird seems to rely; Below: large Mopane tree turned into a canoe <i>in situ </i>(<i>Photos: Chao</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwUCqvlOBXcuA5xSx4zL4kfEpb4ptlhe5b170DM54Jl7LFSzHGymaYYitxL-lyqKpyvo5NPrgYZgk1bmWf6UAMkU7GlgDk71DiDIZ7UIBu_mFxbnY8KEhyphenhypheniPGuFzb-KCd7UK5OlCl9rVfd/s1600/Canoe+making+from+large+mopane.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwUCqvlOBXcuA5xSx4zL4kfEpb4ptlhe5b170DM54Jl7LFSzHGymaYYitxL-lyqKpyvo5NPrgYZgk1bmWf6UAMkU7GlgDk71DiDIZ7UIBu_mFxbnY8KEhyphenhypheniPGuFzb-KCd7UK5OlCl9rVfd/s640/Canoe+making+from+large+mopane.JPG" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Presently,
this Lovebird is thought to be Africa’s most localised parrot species
with a restricted range of around 5500 sq. km. Within its restricted
range, the species is clumped and localised to stands of mopane with
large trees and permanent water sources. The naturally formed cavities
in live mature Mopane trees are <i>A. nigrigenis</i>’ choice of roosting
sites; these double as nesting sites during the breeding season. The
roost site location is stable for as long as a site remains intact and
undisturbed. This makes the bird extremely vulnerable to
land-use/habitat change within its range, especially the with increased
cutting of large mopane trees for firewood and timber, as well as
agriculture expansion for Maize, Sorghum and Millet which have replaced a
large section of the woodland habitats. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqqTepoq4OLZ-yp1qUtSrno-Seyv-cAcJoRb9wtPfKNSEkKtjqov5YvUs5gFvgI_Gt7X8dXSVd08smpmx0KxBdsO62gplAlkyBmArKcjn_ro_ZKYPzeraMhsRYz0Ngg4gBmDqSDEfrJDyl/s1600/Flooded+Mopane.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqqTepoq4OLZ-yp1qUtSrno-Seyv-cAcJoRb9wtPfKNSEkKtjqov5YvUs5gFvgI_Gt7X8dXSVd08smpmx0KxBdsO62gplAlkyBmArKcjn_ro_ZKYPzeraMhsRYz0Ngg4gBmDqSDEfrJDyl/s640/Flooded+Mopane.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Flooded Mopane - water sources may be key to the bird's survival especially in the dry season (<i>Photo: Chao</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> However, perhaps the most
important influence on the species has been the fall in surface-water
availability over the last 25 years – as a result of both changing
climate and patterns of water usage in the region. A significant
reduction in surface water sources has been recorded in much of south
western Zambia in light of several factors including but not limited to;
low annual rainfall (shorter rain season), human population growth and
increase in livestock farming. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Ruicga6shGon-9xW9LZc3JcIeBGbmBy4I3rUadon_h58rz6xpD-v2sa3K8EY2-VUttrZot-Bxd4nI0YTgsKrRM0cwzh5qnKYMF1mk8imJDuTmhmMm1SOdl181gv7t7tNXPAOnzU9ePpR/s1600/Oct+09+Black-cheeked+lovebirds+Machile+IBA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="959" data-original-width="1600" height="382" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7Ruicga6shGon-9xW9LZc3JcIeBGbmBy4I3rUadon_h58rz6xpD-v2sa3K8EY2-VUttrZot-Bxd4nI0YTgsKrRM0cwzh5qnKYMF1mk8imJDuTmhmMm1SOdl181gv7t7tNXPAOnzU9ePpR/s640/Oct+09+Black-cheeked+lovebirds+Machile+IBA.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Above: An objective of the PhD is to find out how limiting drinking opportunities are for the lovebird; Below: Waterholes are clearly multi-use - a challenge is to find a way that people and lovebirds can co-habit (<i>Photos: Chao</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The primary aim of this project is to improve significantly our level of knowledge of (and hence our capacity to counteract) the factors that currently limit the global population of the Black-cheeked Lovebird (BCL). At the same time, an important secondary aim of the project is to provide a strong ecological training for me, young bird conservationist in Zambia, as a long-term investment in both BWZ and the protection and survival of the lovebird. To achieve both aims, the project will take the following objectives:</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />1. To assess and establish the species range, abundance and population using point and transect count methods.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">2. To document the state of the species habitat and its associations as well as possible local perceptions regarding the species and their impacts on its distribution and abundance.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">3. To identify and monitor a series of waterbodies that are used and unused by BCL using citizen science and remote sensing.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">4. To use historical and current presence records (e.g. from 1.) to build species distribution models (SDMs) for BCL to determine the influence of landscape features, habitat and waterbody location on its distribution.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">5. To prescribe management strategies using SDMs of future scenarios regarding water availability and suitable habitat.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It's rare to see our three Loro Parque <span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif;"><i>Fundación </i>p</span>arrot PhDers in the same room. L>R Anna Reuleaux (Yellow-crested Cockatoo), Andrea Thomen (Hispaniolan parrots) & Chaona Phiri (<i>Photo: Fraser Combe</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-17924758778353469392018-05-12T15:05:00.000+01:002018-05-22T15:15:29.427+01:00Worrying news on Timneh Parrots from Gola<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Posted by Simon Valle & Stuart Marsden</i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i><br /></i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The Timneh Parrot (<i>Psittacus timneh</i>) together with the congeneric Grey Parrot (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>) has recently been uplisted, to Endangered based on the suspected decline due to habitat loss and trapping for the pet trade (<a href="http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22736498" target="_blank">BirdLife International 2018</a>). However, the hard truth is that we have hardly any data on the size and trends of the populations that dwell in the remaining forest patches across its range. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">As part of a project generously funded by the <a href="https://parrotwildlifefoundation.org/en/" target="_blank">Parrot Wildlife </a><a class="" href="https://parrotwildlifefoundation.org/en/" target="_blank">Foundation</a>, successfully launched inaugurated with a <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2018/03/spotlight-on-timneh-parrot.html" target="_blank">productive workshop</a> at the <a href="http://www.golarainforest.org/" target="_blank">Gola Rainforest National Park</a> (GRNP), Dr Simon Valle (<a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk/senrgy/subject-areas/conservation/" target="_blank">Bangor University</a>) has spent four weeks surveying in and around GRNP to understand how abundant the species may be. </span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Community guide Mohamed Nyallay (left) and porters Mustapha Kanneh (centre) and Keni Desmond on their way to set a base camp in the heart of Gola Rainforest National Park (Photo: S. Valle)</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Preliminary results from the surveys have raised some serious concerns for the species in Gola, despite being probably one of the best preserved and managed protected areas in West Africa. Simon and his team often struggled to find any parrots even in the better-preserved forest at the core of the national park. Encounters were rare and far apart and judging from the extremely low encounter rates (0.3 parrots/hour), and<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, until the analysis is done, we can only <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">assume that</span></span> Timneh Parrots presumably persist at very low densities <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">in the area as a whole</span>. These figures are alarming if we compare them to those of healthy populations of the congeneric Grey Parrot such as the 30 ± 8 parrots per sq<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>km in Lobéké National Park, Cameroun (Marsden et al. 2015), or the 59 ± 4 parrots <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">per sq km</span> on the Island of Príncipe, São Tomé & Príncipe (Valle et al. 2017). </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>A rare encounter in Gola forest. </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Community Guide </i></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>Mohamed </i></span><i>Mansare` </i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;"><i>l</i></span><i>istens </i><i>to a </i></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><i>group of </i><i>Timneh </i><i>Parrots feeding on a nearby tree.</i></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Most encounters were from the 4-km buffer zone that surrounds the park, where the forest is under continuous threat from inhabitants of the surrounding settlements. The buffer zone holds pockets of reasonably intact forest and hosts some very successful <a href="https://ww2.rspb.org.uk/community/getinvolved/b/specialplaces/archive/2016/03/17/does-wildlife-like-gola-cocoa.aspx" target="_blank">wildlife -friendly</a> cocoa <a href="http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/community/ourwork/b/martinharper/archive/2017/07/21/gola-rainforest-cocoa-protecting-forests-and-empowering-people.aspx" target="_blank">farms managed in partnership with the park authorities</a>. However, in some areas, the buffer zone still bears the clear signs of slash-and-burn farming, selective logging for valuable timber and mining for gold and diamonds. These are the areas where the work of the park authorities is the most difficult and the survival of the remaining forest most fragile.</span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">A team surveys for Timneh Parrots in the 4-km buffer zone around the Gola Rainforest National Park, where large areas are cleared with fire to make space for subsistence farming (Photo: S. Valle)</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The data collected in GRNP <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">are</span> an important alarm bell and shows us that a well-protected and carefully managed protected area may not be sufficient to guarantee the recovery of a population to a healthy state, or at least not before many years (Valle et al. 2018). Moreover, these results highlight the importance of performing similar surveys across the range to assess the true conservation status of this species and the need for consistent monitoring of the remaining populations. With this in mind, and following up on the successful training held in GRNP, Simon has delivered a further workshop at the HQ of the National Protected Areas Authority, the government agency which manages all protected areas across the country. Together with Prof Stuart Marsden (Manchester Metropolitan University), Simon will keep on working closely with the NPAA and GRNP to develop a long-term countrywide monitoring scheme for Timneh Parrot, probably the first of its kind in Africa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>References</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">BirdLife International (2018) Species factsheet: <i>Psittacus timneh</i>. Downloaded from <a href="http://www.birdlife.org%20on%2012/05/2018" target="_blank">http://www.birdlife.org on 12/05/2018</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Marsden, S.J., Loqueh, E., Takuo, J.M., Hart, J.A., Abani, R., Ahon, D.B., Annorbah, N.N.D., Johnson, R., & Valle, S. (2015) Using encounter rates as surrogates for density estimates makes monitoring of the heavily-traded grey parrots achievable across Africa. <i>Oryx </i>50(4):617-625</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Valle, S., Collar, N.J., Harris, E., & Marsden, S.J. (2017) Spatial and seasonal variation in abundance within an insular grey parrot population. <i>African Journal of Ecology</i> 55(4):433-442</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Valle, S., Collar, N.J., Harris, E., & Marsden, S.J. (2018) Effects of trapping method and capture rate variability on harvest sustainability in a heavily traded parrot. <i>Biological Conservation</i> 217:428–436</span></div>
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Simon Vallehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17683805408434096358noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-49861656112703441032018-03-31T17:01:00.000+01:002018-05-14T18:28:44.077+01:00Spotlight on Timneh Parrot<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Posted by Stu, Simon Valle & Amy Marsden</span></i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Ever since Simon Valle (now <span style="color: red;"><a href="https://www.bangor.ac.uk/" target="_blank">Bangor University</a></span>) and Nat Annorbah finished their PhDs on Grey Parrots here at MMU, we’ve been itching to start more work on this stunning but troubled taxon. The opportunity arrived in the form of a grant from the newly formed Parrot Wildl<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ife Foundation</span> <span style="color: red;"><a href="https://parrotwildlifefoundation.org/en/" target="_blank">See their website</a></span>, a French charity dedicated to parrot welfare and conservation run by Eric Vignot. Stu had spent a very pleasant week in early March with Eric and Irina in Dominican Republic, kicking off Andrea Thomen’s PhD on parrots on that island. Now it was time for something a little tougher.</span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Above - Simon talking about Timneh's range (<i>Photo: Amy</i>); Below - Stu introducing the science behind the simple encounter rate method (<i>Photo: Simon</i>) </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">There are two main components to the project – a workshop on Timneh Parrot monitoring and a survey of the parrot across the <span style="color: red;"><a href="http://www.golarainforest.org/" target="_blank">Gola Rainforest National Park (GRNP)</a></span>. This post describes the former and some thoughts on how Timneh Parrots can be monitored effectively but practically long term across their range. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU2rLxGeC2X3zKGVrAS8i_wmJnrDCgY7x5cOs5QtjHYq5y8vUZs06xkjfB0yemb4b1d0TjT0u6LMUStXC9b2JZ3lNYskxdu7MVECyUX6n80uaEBe3w_gUR3B_OXyxrVbOhV4SR9rztiY2/s1600/IMG_8292.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="766" data-original-width="1149" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJU2rLxGeC2X3zKGVrAS8i_wmJnrDCgY7x5cOs5QtjHYq5y8vUZs06xkjfB0yemb4b1d0TjT0u6LMUStXC9b2JZ3lNYskxdu7MVECyUX6n80uaEBe3w_gUR3B_OXyxrVbOhV4SR9rztiY2/s640/IMG_8292.jpg" width="640" /></a></span></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Relaxing after practicing fieldwork in Gola</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The three-day course took place at GRNP’s research station/guest lodge in Lalehun. The attendees for the workshop represented a number of institutions and organisations working within conservation in Sierra Leone - the Conservation Society of Sierra Leone (CSSL), National Protected Area Authority (NPAA), students and lecturers from Njala University and Eastern Polytechnic, and staff from the Gola Rainforest itself. Mustapha Songe, a tour guide from a community on the border of the National Park, also attended. The aim was to introduce delegates to the ecology and plight of the Timneh, train them in a simple method to monitor parrots that can be done whilst conducting their usual duties, and to discuss ways in which a scheme to monitor Timnehs could possibly be rolled out across Sierra Leone.</span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Lovely t-shirts and other course materials - thanks to <span style="color: red;"><a href="https://en-gb.facebook.com/bearprintdesign/" target="_blank">Bearprint Design</a>, <a href="http://www.tinnedsnail.co.uk/" target="_blank">TinnedSnail</a></span>, and Amy Marsden (<i>Photos: Amy</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The method itself centres on a paper we published in Oryx in 2015 – we identified the relationship between grey parrot abundance as estimated using Distance sampling and an ‘on-the-hoof’ encounter rate method (simply the number of parrot groups seen or heard per hour of walking or sitting). The course included plenty of field practice and discussion, especially feedback on how the method could be tailored for the local situation. We were all delighted with both the level of interest and understanding (many participants had little or no biological training), and the enthusiasm for taking forward a countrywide parrot monitoring scheme. Certainly, Timneh Parrot monitoring is on the agenda for Gola, and we hope elsewhere too. Simon will be visiting NPAA in Freetown to discuss possibilities in other protected areas.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJVygrW8RLkCIXauKGoTfc_nbV_gLtX0a23rp4mWEGc9oeH_PjygWLd6XS-TUjlJsNnfjLjhowP0-U6jjPyub2v2Tg15Ig01-ROrpkmLk9zujW1NK4mKipokNmKCsUJlLJp_UJ6QvftSIn/s1600/Patrick.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1149" data-original-width="766" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJVygrW8RLkCIXauKGoTfc_nbV_gLtX0a23rp4mWEGc9oeH_PjygWLd6XS-TUjlJsNnfjLjhowP0-U6jjPyub2v2Tg15Ig01-ROrpkmLk9zujW1NK4mKipokNmKCsUJlLJp_UJ6QvftSIn/s320/Patrick.jpg" width="213" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5_jdtY-_47mL5NNVOA8-hxNgJ7mey0T8jwgpLExO4J4pkTSsA_nw8ph7ldjyUvGSzCYHQQ9hDn38l-fzvpPrDburz7o1kSQZZnP5virMir2rV9EKZRgWQS5pkiGxx7uZsznv6AMkgRBao/s1600/certificates.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5_jdtY-_47mL5NNVOA8-hxNgJ7mey0T8jwgpLExO4J4pkTSsA_nw8ph7ldjyUvGSzCYHQQ9hDn38l-fzvpPrDburz7o1kSQZZnP5virMir2rV9EKZRgWQS5pkiGxx7uZsznv6AMkgRBao/s400/certificates.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The course is only the beginning of our work at Gola. Simon is starting five weeks of fieldwork right across the National Park to estimate abundance and habitat needs of the species. The first step on this exciting journey was to check out reports of a large parrot roost in a community forest close to Gola with Patrick Dauda of the park’s Research & Monitoring Department. We were unable to see parrots at what seems to be a ‘flexible’ roosting area, but hope that Simon and Patrick will be able to return to the site to check on numbers of parrots in the area.</span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Checking potential roosting tree in one of the community forests on the border of the Nartional Park (<i>Photo: Amy</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We thank: Alusine Kpara, Sheriff Mohamed V, Mustapha Dabenie, Ahmed M Swaray, Amara Aruma, Ibraihim J Kallon (GRNP); Momoh Bai Sesay, Mohamed Sama (CSSL); Osman Deen, Alhassan Khalli Kamara, Abdul Karim Sesay, Wuyatta Kallon (NPAA); Bobson Kobba (Njala University), James Feika (Eastern Polytechnic); and Mustapha Songe (Community tour guide) for interesting discussions during the course. Special thanks go to Benjamin Barca, Brima Sheku Turay, and Patrick Dauda of Gola Rainforest National Park for their amazing support and help with logistics. The project is funded by Parrot Wildlife Foundation.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com10tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-1924935588260731042018-01-16T11:35:00.001+00:002018-03-28T20:27:10.884+01:00The trapping of adult grey parrots is ruinous<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Posted by Simon Valle & Stu</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">In a paper just published in <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0006320717311564" target="_blank"><i>Biological Conservation</i>, Simon Valle <i>et al</i>.</a> investigated how different capture methods and other aspects of parrot trade, other than just the actual volume of birds taken from the wild, can affect sustainability of harvest. This is of course important as the ‘currency’ which is generally used by CITES and government agencies to assess the impact of bird trade is usually solely the total number taken from the wild. This paper shows how crucial it is to also consider other facets of the trade – if adults or nestlings are taken, how may fluctuations in annual harvest affect sustainability, and what role may habitat loss or augmentation have in influencing population stability. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The study was grounded in the building of a population viability model (PVA), a tool often used in conservation biology to see how populations might grow or decline in the future. These models use demographic parameters such as birth rates, mortality of juveniles and adults, longevity, and other life history traits to predict future population trajectories and to identify those aspects of the animals’ lives that are most crucial to safeguard. PVAs are data-hungry, and the lack of real data from wild populations means that, often, parameters have to be taken from other species, from captive birds, or are simply guessed. Our models used some data (e.g. on mortality) from other large parrot species, but Simon’s months of fieldwork on the grey parrot (<i>Psittacus erithacus</i>) population on Príncipe meant that we had a reasonable idea of most of the parameters needed for the running of the models.</span><o:p></o:p><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Inquisitive subadult grey parrot kept as a pet on the island of Príncipe.This individual would have been originally caught as a chick from the nest, as is common practice on the island .</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Our first important finding was that there was a very fine line between a harvest being sustainable in the long term, and ruinous. A harvest of around 900 individuals per year allowed the population to thrive, but one of 1000 birds almost certainly resulted in extinction of grey parrots on the island. Hence, to keep trade sustainable, we would need to relying on a scientific balancing act, but this is the polar opposite of how grey parrot trade is currently managed – we have little or no confidence that quotas are strictly adhered to, mortality in trade is pitiful and unknown, and often we don’t even know from which country the parrots were even caught. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDfxn-qTJzVWPPC3_BuSIiLUsPV-NLoQgATA2NOPaeTOSaS1ByGDa5ZjggzaHbOyENVur8W1C8e35rWfnZG98LhcqPD1WuhOHM_A_9PIocYOhefPzhWe0I7S8ejcZYhUrfJDy031TYxoAL/s1600/Fine+line+graph+%2528Fig+2%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="632" data-original-width="914" height="441" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDfxn-qTJzVWPPC3_BuSIiLUsPV-NLoQgATA2NOPaeTOSaS1ByGDa5ZjggzaHbOyENVur8W1C8e35rWfnZG98LhcqPD1WuhOHM_A_9PIocYOhefPzhWe0I7S8ejcZYhUrfJDy031TYxoAL/s640/Fine+line+graph+%2528Fig+2%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Predicted population tr<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ajector<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ies</span></span> in response to no harvest (0% of the initial population); and annual harvests (SD) of 600 (100), i.e. 7.5% of the initial population, 900 (100), and 1200 (100) chicks, i.e. 15% of the initial population. Light grey lines =population trajectories resulting from each simulation; black solid lines = mean trajectory.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Even more disturbing is that the age of birds taken from the wild blows simple numbers of birds taken out of the water in terms of its importance. On Principe, there was a tradition of only taking chicks from nests, and leaving the adults to be. This is likely one of the keys to the species’ survival in large numbers on the island. The figure below shows how disastrous the taking of just a few adults can be. The taking of birds ‘randomly’ from the population, as might be done in places like Cameroon where birds are caught <i>en mass</i> at aggregations, is utterly ruinous. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Difference in predicted 50-year trends when the population is subject to a harvest of 900 ± 100 harvesting chicks only, nest raiding (i.e. one adult is collected with every two chicks) and indiscriminate trapping.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Another interesting finding of the study was that having a ‘steady’ (well-managed and well-policed) harvest of small numbers of birds every year is more likely to be sustainable in the long term than a harvest that is inconsistent across years. The message here is that booms and busts of parrot trapping are not a good thing. </span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFVKYFYsk2KBhsk5al1LQYQKUtLIEi0EfssscY5asDJQcCN4S0ZdygIjK03RieQhEG3-3128aEr2vTNclsLOZ6k78SMzz3vEeNFNXd3CpqX0Stb4id15Hnfv-G_SdNhluh7czDqWadGNf/s1600/Fix+vs.+variable+quota.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="588" data-original-width="695" height="540" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHFVKYFYsk2KBhsk5al1LQYQKUtLIEi0EfssscY5asDJQcCN4S0ZdygIjK03RieQhEG3-3128aEr2vTNclsLOZ6k78SMzz3vEeNFNXd3CpqX0Stb4id15Hnfv-G_SdNhluh7czDqWadGNf/s640/Fix+vs.+variable+quota.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Predicted population trend and individual simulations in response to harvesting a fixed (left) or variable (right) quota of 900 (top) and of 1000 (bottom) chicks each year</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">But booms and busts, high and variable mortality and other real uncertainties are exactly the realities that have plagued the trade in grey parrots for the past decades. Effective trade management seems a million miles away from what is happening at present across the species’ range.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3smF7JUVENEHKhMpUydV1nYlEm4euQwyYMcrvGeMitvgXlTW2SgCRvdA194CZJYmoEMzQx0FZC0A5fHDPwfa_ACFqwRlqVls-14-taSI766xfWXJIgR1FnEiRGgjkybfn_rLymMkHeWRJ/s1600/IMG_4645.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><i><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1440" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3smF7JUVENEHKhMpUydV1nYlEm4euQwyYMcrvGeMitvgXlTW2SgCRvdA194CZJYmoEMzQx0FZC0A5fHDPwfa_ACFqwRlqVls-14-taSI766xfWXJIgR1FnEiRGgjkybfn_rLymMkHeWRJ/s640/IMG_4645.jpg" width="640" /></i></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">On Príncipe grey parrots are commonly raised together with other household pets.</span></i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>The research on the Grey Parrots in Príncipe <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">wa</span>s funded by</i></span><br />
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src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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Simon Vallehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17683805408434096358noreply@blogger.com44tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-90237985283982556612017-12-27T21:27:00.000+00:002018-03-28T20:27:32.138+01:00Using acoustic monitoring to understand human impacts on Amazonian wildlife<i>Posted by Oliver Metcalf </i><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was dawn on my first morning in the Amazon. 24 hours earlier, I had been walking through the snow in Manchester to catch a bus to the airport, now I was stood 50m up on a scaffolding tower, soaring above the rain forest canopy, listening to the forest come alive. We had been so keen to get here that we hadn’t slept, briefly dropped our bags at the accommodation and then headed straight out on dirt roads, so that my first sight of Brazil should be deep in the heart of pristine rain forest. Moments earlier, there had only been the occasional mournful whistle of a tinamou and the otherworldly, nightmare-ish growl of howler monkeys, but now the dawn chorus had started and songs and calls came from all directions.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSK67HkEtPTONBUKQ_lMQ7dCjBCUuzOaCrB-agjv_k2r2rG51KrIJN-K6wcuVe9aaktUZepWq8tnd43lSehStkVc6PvE253HTfRNM4U0xAQumoY4BoH1XkcRDe63sGpJb5BpkoZc9XDCfh/s1600/sunrise.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="882" data-original-width="1324" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSK67HkEtPTONBUKQ_lMQ7dCjBCUuzOaCrB-agjv_k2r2rG51KrIJN-K6wcuVe9aaktUZepWq8tnd43lSehStkVc6PvE253HTfRNM4U0xAQumoY4BoH1XkcRDe63sGpJb5BpkoZc9XDCfh/s640/sunrise.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Tapajos National Forest at dawn – the sun glowing red from the smoke
of surrounding small wildfires <i>(Photo: Oliver Metcalf)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Alex Lees, my PhD Director of Studies, rattled off the species names like a football commentator during a particularly frenzied passage of play, recording each species on <a href="https://ebird.org/ebird/view/checklist/S40750298" target="_blank">eBird</a> as he pointed them out – cryptic forest-falcon, black-tailed trogon, rufous-winged antwren, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">three-strip</span>ed flycatcher - before long my head was spinning and I couldn’t keep up. Zoning out of trying to identify individual species, I took a minute to feel this new environment, to indulge the surreal feeling of being so far from home, in the world’s greatest rain forest. But something jarred with the image my eyes were providing of pristine wilderness, there in the background of sensory overload was the acrid, lingering smell of smoke. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5ZA4da3__fpgpbEbfDAHsuyv0sc7oNc1idXjZcsGV5hFhyphenhyphen7PoiysEW-S2eTdzLixOquucSNbKBmUnFuDerI_9bmGuO0h911AlTfOewHkFwwXLHcbzcBaDrifIDSfLABb9Tfk8I182b0J/s1600/understory.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="883" data-original-width="662" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo5ZA4da3__fpgpbEbfDAHsuyv0sc7oNc1idXjZcsGV5hFhyphenhyphen7PoiysEW-S2eTdzLixOquucSNbKBmUnFuDerI_9bmGuO0h911AlTfOewHkFwwXLHcbzcBaDrifIDSfLABb9Tfk8I182b0J/s640/understory.jpg" width="476" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Above:
Undisturbed forest looks dark because of an intact canopy layer. Below:
Burned forest lets in more light as dying trees open up gaps in the
canopy. Many species in the Amazon are photophobic and won't cope well
with these brighter conditions (<i>Photos: Oliver Metcalf</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHxBfG4VfFbbE43Fc7awQBiAf7ZtcIQD7iyYoJhn7yZ-PbPGHwK-8SlzrF5C3nGse1cOZ9BSwr2OwCotRRFF3Q1bZwq8tn7zz9SBNVqBO4_T_DyCE9ainIL1SQdQsWbI56jTRNYUBWpe7p/s1600/fallentree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="561" data-original-width="748" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHxBfG4VfFbbE43Fc7awQBiAf7ZtcIQD7iyYoJhn7yZ-PbPGHwK-8SlzrF5C3nGse1cOZ9BSwr2OwCotRRFF3Q1bZwq8tn7zz9SBNVqBO4_T_DyCE9ainIL1SQdQsWbI56jTRNYUBWpe7p/s640/fallentree.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The ecological and environmental impact of deforestation in the Amazon are well known and well publicised. Many of us have watched news reports of falling canopy giants accompanied by the soundtrack of screaming chainsaws, or learnt in geography classes about the harm slash-and-burn agriculture can cause. However, the high visibility of this environmental destruction has led to the Brazilian government taking action, and the rate of deforestation has declined since their 2004 peak (albeit with some recent increases). Various sustainable forestry initiatives have been used to slow the rate of deforestation– including extractive reserves which permit selective logging. These allow large areas to be set aside ostensibly for conservation purposes whilst still generating income from extractive industries.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgppG4TvB48I3Dbw2_f1sRelOmqHQAWpsFHIsfb97TG54XIZJXB_8wOsLSKjvDF8oSngB0nB0n58SKNgOwKSJKIVJYnUT1InGYX0RfEF4KeYrUI6B0jT8t1I2zm8ZiWVeeJQt9hM37kHLjQ/s1600/wingbarred+piprites+Narjila+Moura.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1098" data-original-width="1600" height="438" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgppG4TvB48I3Dbw2_f1sRelOmqHQAWpsFHIsfb97TG54XIZJXB_8wOsLSKjvDF8oSngB0nB0n58SKNgOwKSJKIVJYnUT1InGYX0RfEF4KeYrUI6B0jT8t1I2zm8ZiWVeeJQt9hM37kHLjQ/s640/wingbarred+piprites+Narjila+Moura.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Delights and dangers of Amazonian fieldwork. Above, the lovely Wing-barred Piprites <i>Piprites chloris (Photo: Nárgila Moura</i>); Below, a Fer-de-lance <i>Bothrops atrox</i> sharing the trail with us (<i>Photo: Oliver Metcalf</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Large swathes of Amazonia are now subject to disturbance from selective logging and fire, yet our understanding of the impacts of such disturbance on biodiversity is still limited (Barlow et al., 2016). One of the most harmful consequences of selective logging is an increase in forest susceptibility to wildfire, exacerbating an already volatile situation caused by drought and climate change. In fact, during the El Nino events of 2015-2016, there were so many wildfires in the Santarem region (where my study site is located), the area was responsible for driving a large rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. Fire can have devastating and immediate impacts on tropical forests. During my PhD, I will be working with the Sustainable Amazon Network, a transdisciplinary research consortium that studies the effects of disturbance on all levels of the rain forest environment and its biodiversity, as well as the best means to avoid and mitigate these impacts. I will be working in a protected area that allows selective logging, the Tapajos National Forest (FLONA) in Para state, Brazil, to establish the impact of logging and fire on the biodiversity of the park, large areas inside and outside of the reserve were burnt in 2015-2016. Consequently, my study design will focus on establishing the impacts of disturbance on biodiversity across a degradation gradient – comparing areas that are variously undisturbed, logged, burned or logged and burned.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8WJjONrYqtp9DPqVs9VTl_VIvhDpPMByDgOe9G2TrR_Rc-CyFmRhSTWS2aQw14qDyxNfKmpnRvjzIjpo6nGWTiWbVPmfPyyae7PT4w8OrRHV_jRBENzMTUZiC_xgRCuSc7pbBx1Op1aVa/s1600/layardswoodcrpr+Alex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1011" data-original-width="1600" height="404" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8WJjONrYqtp9DPqVs9VTl_VIvhDpPMByDgOe9G2TrR_Rc-CyFmRhSTWS2aQw14qDyxNfKmpnRvjzIjpo6nGWTiWbVPmfPyyae7PT4w8OrRHV_jRBENzMTUZiC_xgRCuSc7pbBx1Op1aVa/s640/layardswoodcrpr+Alex.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Layard's Woodcreeper <i>Lepidocolaptes layardi (Photo: Alex Lees)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Technical innovations in measuring biodiversity in the rain forest</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Of course, comparing ‘biodiversity’ in such a diverse and challenging region is easier said than done. Trekking from point count to point count, transect to transect can be extremely hard work, time consuming and even dangerous, with a preponderance of poisonous snakes, bullet ants and wasps. Even if everything goes to plan, observing wildlife can be extremely difficult, frogs hide in hollow logs, birds feed in canopies 50m above and mammals run for cover well before a surveyor can clap eyes on them. This means that the best way to survey a wide range of species in the Amazon is to listen for the sounds they make. Even then, some species will only call at dawn and dusk–particularly birds such as forest falcons and tinamous, whilst others will wait for the dead of night or the heat of the day before making noise. This means that any attempt to survey all species using point counts or transects will inevitably miss a range of species, unless repeated a huge number of times across the day.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Some
of the wildlife we hope to record; Above: an Amazonian pygmy owl
<i>Glaucidium hardyii,</i> Below: a white-cheeked spider monkey <i>Ateles
marginatus</i> (<i>Photos: Oliver Metcalf</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Instead, I will be using passive acoustic recording devices from Frontier Labs to record continuously for a week at each of 40 transects spanning the degradation gradient, once in the wet and once in the dry season. These devices allow a huge amount of data to be collected with comparatively little time required in the field, and have previously been used to survey a wide range of species, as well as anthropogenic disturbance events such as chainsaws and gunshots. The difference here is that I will aim to detect the vocalisations of all the species within each transect, including birds, mammals, frogs and insects (although many of the insects will be morphotyped rather than identified to a species level). This will allow a greater understanding of how entire forest communities are affected by disturbance, rather than particular species within it.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhejNzH6-I6-Y5AZPJCUC1Y6QIpXYQyhuEC5NvpBm8X_ssG-JstN0detvWba1DfvmxqRe3HkZl3CqGWu-t7at3mTFHHNhIGsf1UJ3_u42BwfU1lcBIqEzUxIgQY5i0lUhoQD_62iyTWgYnx/s1600/forest+elaenia+Narjila.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1033" data-original-width="1600" height="411" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhejNzH6-I6-Y5AZPJCUC1Y6QIpXYQyhuEC5NvpBm8X_ssG-JstN0detvWba1DfvmxqRe3HkZl3CqGWu-t7at3mTFHHNhIGsf1UJ3_u42BwfU1lcBIqEzUxIgQY5i0lUhoQD_62iyTWgYnx/s640/forest+elaenia+Narjila.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The widespread Forest Elaenia <i>Myiopagis gaimardii</i> should feature on the 'tapes' (<i>Photo: Nárgila Moura</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Of course, analysing the huge amounts of data collected (over 20 terabytes) is a challenge in itself, and it would be impossible to manually listen to all of the sound data that will be collected. I will instead be using Tadarida, a program that utilises machine-learning algorithms, to automatically detect vocalisations. This is a painstaking process in which I must iteratively train the program to recognise each of the call types present in the data. To start with, I will focus my attention on the nocturnal and crepuscular communities, as these are the least studied and hardest to survey using traditional techniques – and the simpler soundscapes will give the automated recognition software the best chance of performing well. Even still, I will have my work cut out for many months to come! After the training process, the program will look through the entire dataset for further similar calls allowing the creation of a database of the presence or absence of a wide range of taxa, equivalent to many hundreds of repeat transect surveys.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH24wUzP5cG-nM4KmpSSUj6JenghZ85cqytdK4wzd3BFf3gGhIY3nOeJ-vYe8iLqXDvrwLojUQI5K8COr_f_atCX3G_gmH2iAVS28ujMW2FA-bk9Udx6E5OBnyx24QmfNkKii_9CKd6DuT/s1600/spectrogram.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="1079" height="220" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjH24wUzP5cG-nM4KmpSSUj6JenghZ85cqytdK4wzd3BFf3gGhIY3nOeJ-vYe8iLqXDvrwLojUQI5K8COr_f_atCX3G_gmH2iAVS28ujMW2FA-bk9Udx6E5OBnyx24QmfNkKii_9CKd6DuT/s400/spectrogram.png" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A
spectrogram of a small section of the data so far recorded – most of
the marks below 6kHz are bird calls, whilst the dark line in the centre
is an insect being very noisy!</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This will allow us to understand, at a broader scale than ever before, how communities respond to the disturbance gradient, and gain a through understanding of how the precious, unique biodiversity of the Amazon is being impacted by ongoing human disturbance.<br /> </span></span><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Oliver's PhD at MMU is supervised by Dr Alexander Lees, Professor Jos Barlow (University of Lancaster) and Stu. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The PhD</span> is <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a component of </span></span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.redeamazoniasustentavel.org/" target="_blank">Rede Amazônia Sustentável </a>(RAS)</span>, a multidisciplinary project on sustainable land use in the Amazon. </span></span></i><br />
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-20622889283534400742017-09-13T17:46:00.001+01:002017-09-15T16:03:09.203+01:00Myna miracle needed for Indonesia’s threatened starlings<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Tom Squires </i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Trade-driven extinction threatens a growing number of Indonesia’s songbirds, as unsustainable trapping to supply the cagebird trade continues seemingly unabated (Eaton <i>et al</i>. 2015). In 2016, 19 of Indonesia’s bird species, all bar one songbirds, were uplisted to a higher extinction risk category on the IUCN’s Red List for birds. Indonesia is home to ten Critically Endangered species on the brink of extinction, primarily because of trapping. All except the helmeted hornbill <i>Rhinoplax vigil</i>, a species long-exploited for its ‘ivory’ casque, are traded as songbirds. In response to the significant and growing threat of extinction facing Southeast Asia’s songbirds, the first Asian Songbird Trade Crisis Summit convened in 2015 to devise a conservation strategy to tackle the issue.<br /> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Manchester Metropolitan University (MMU) and <a href="http://www.chesterzoo.org/conservation-and-science" target="_blank">Chester Zoo</a> developed two research projects that will focus on Indonesia’s cagebird trade (see <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2017/08/understanding-demand-for-songbirds-in.html" target="_blank">Stu’s previous post</a>). Tom’s PhD aims to understand the ecology and management needs of some of Indonesia’s most endangered birds that are affected by trade on the Indonesian islands of Java and Bali. Here, he introduces his research project and outlines its objectives.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bratang
bird market, Surabaya, East Java - not only can you buy songbirds,
parrots and owls, but also reptiles, amphibians and mammals. <i>(Photo: Tom
Squires)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Unsustainable trapping to supply Indonesia’s domestic cagebird trade involves millions of wild birds annually and threatens an ever-increasing number of species with extinction (Eaton <i>et al. </i>2015). Seven of Indonesia’s Critically Endangered songbirds affected by trade are endemic to Java and Bali. Java, the most populous of the Indonesian islands (145 million inhabitants in 2015), lies at the heart of Indonesia’s cagebird trade, due to its deep-rooted songbird-keeping culture and the rising popularity of songbird competitions.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixv8d_l6hXCal_laR3ZCtVqNsMRWjPATZSQxEX7yN_UIAvzDrp43sA-U49B0J_knQAi_EoAkhhXEwTKRJWwWdlM__DYcfM-b_NyBKoWIiZxg8T3sUkKRGTn_TJC45rwH8Qr8rRwkDol_3K/s1600/IMG2_Black-winged+Myna.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEixv8d_l6hXCal_laR3ZCtVqNsMRWjPATZSQxEX7yN_UIAvzDrp43sA-U49B0J_knQAi_EoAkhhXEwTKRJWwWdlM__DYcfM-b_NyBKoWIiZxg8T3sUkKRGTn_TJC45rwH8Qr8rRwkDol_3K/s640/IMG2_Black-winged+Myna.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Black-winged
myna populations have plummeted in response to increased trade demand.
They are a next best replacement for the coveted, but hard to obtain,
Bali myna. (<i>Photo: Jonathan Beilby)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">My project will include ecological studies of two of Indonesia’s most endangered birds, the black-winged myna <i>Acridotheres melanopterus</i> and Bali myna <i>Leucopsar rothschildi</i>, both members of the starling family. The black-winged myna was formerly quite common in the lowlands of Java and northwest Bali, but in recent decades has become almost impossible to find, except in local bird markets (see Nijman <i>et al</i>. 2017). Nevertheless, small populations persist at up to ten locations, and current actions – including a reintroduction at Taman Safari in West Java and a captive breeding programme to enable further releases – provide hope of a species recovery. I will carry out fieldwork at one of the most important remaining sites for the species, Baluran National Park in East Java, to estimate population size and study aspects of black-winged myna ecology. Fieldwork will also be replicated at other sites where black-winged myna are known to be present. The information gleaned will help guide in situ conservation efforts for the species.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimYq6mPsu2OEnvljmHsPyXMjIsMuG2VOa1uKjN4pt2ByTPQ9tVCnrxzUPbn-7v-bAizQLGKixhQxDdXTVuloUYRYwnWjrKEHw5hSJyu-bAJfS7lmHh8qequD7zmPLagzJyLVkSbjBBK4-v/s1600/IMG3_Bekor+Savana%252C+Baluran.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimYq6mPsu2OEnvljmHsPyXMjIsMuG2VOa1uKjN4pt2ByTPQ9tVCnrxzUPbn-7v-bAizQLGKixhQxDdXTVuloUYRYwnWjrKEHw5hSJyu-bAJfS7lmHh8qequD7zmPLagzJyLVkSbjBBK4-v/s640/IMG3_Bekor+Savana%252C+Baluran.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bekol
savannah at Baluran National Park supports one of the largest remaining
populations of black-winged myna. (<i>Photo: Tom Squires</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKwQcgFqzos3mXSU941EKb8B3RnDajYaryZOYdgk1djWkmM5A1cr09spSfZUgf070MrDox84mloGU2b71-T827cRoWp5Cyx0oYJwpLciF8QrrLcnR7qbGZVpNN2DIGgBQzmaXpZsxyYMHX/s1600/IMG4_Bali+Myna.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1068" data-original-width="1600" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKwQcgFqzos3mXSU941EKb8B3RnDajYaryZOYdgk1djWkmM5A1cr09spSfZUgf070MrDox84mloGU2b71-T827cRoWp5Cyx0oYJwpLciF8QrrLcnR7qbGZVpNN2DIGgBQzmaXpZsxyYMHX/s640/IMG4_Bali+Myna.jpeg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Bali myna: king of cagebirds, this species may have been trapped to extinction in 2006 (<i>Photo: Jonathan Beilby</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The iconic Bali myna, Bali’s faunal emblem and its only endemic bird, is highly coveted as a cagebird for its song, pristine white plumage that has symbolic associations with peace, and rarity. Consequently, the Bali myna has suffered a steady population decline since the 1960s and 70s, when its popularity as a cagebird reached its pinnacle, with hundreds being exported overseas annually. Habitat conversion, from monsoon forest to agricultural land, has certainly contributed to this decline, but in part only because it made birds more accessible to poachers. Despite being listed on Appendix 1 of CITES (prohibiting international trade) and protected under Indonesian law since 1970, numbers in the wild continued to diminish until a possible extinction in 2006 (Jepson 2015). Since then, conservation efforts and releases of Bali myna at various locations on Bali and its neighbouring island of Nusa Penida mean that they can still be seen in the wild, albeit in small numbers.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP69DzGbanZziCLOx68eF6gbDK5tcyNWXRsONdJb9VHikxBGKHssY5qhDM3byWa3HGMt-QhmHIZvGPSZ24MlValdKP8zGcQkYQXBMMOIncTvljYBoPQtJ7NW242WxdQHRG1eLB1LrE6o1E/s1600/IMG5_Bali_myna+nestbox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1030" data-original-width="1379" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP69DzGbanZziCLOx68eF6gbDK5tcyNWXRsONdJb9VHikxBGKHssY5qhDM3byWa3HGMt-QhmHIZvGPSZ24MlValdKP8zGcQkYQXBMMOIncTvljYBoPQtJ7NW242WxdQHRG1eLB1LrE6o1E/s640/IMG5_Bali_myna+nestbox.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A released Bali Myna seen using one of the artificial nest-boxes provided (<i>Photo: Tom Squires</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The number of released Bali myna in the wild probably remains at around 100, suggesting that conservation efforts have been hampered. It is unclear what the outcome of all releases of birds has been, but is highly probable that birds have suffered continued illegal poaching for the cagebird trade, and birds may have also failed to reproduce. I plan to initiate a radio tracking study to follow the fortunes of reintroduced Bali myna closely at release sites. Daily monitoring of released birds, for the lifetime of the radio tags, will be carried out to collect data on post-release dispersal, mortality, feeding behaviour and habitat-use. Additionally, birds will be colour ringed to facilitate a long-term monitoring project of the releases, hopefully with collaboration from Indonesian partners. This post-release study is urgently required to establish patterns of behaviour following release and ultimately optimise conditions for future releases.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaFaSJlFqNscjNPA54l66P2R7TRl4gJ-YmQ31VX1paJiS-H9QhsLJK48wWwqrB8A4DUw1sMOx2AglDCa2OjwcrCcj7Gk1nefB2R7R0tEhNsDS2OVBCAgSgEkBawL_NfBcSbnHItxkCmsgV/s1600/IMG6+Leafbird+and+jay+shrike.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="454" data-original-width="1353" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgaFaSJlFqNscjNPA54l66P2R7TRl4gJ-YmQ31VX1paJiS-H9QhsLJK48wWwqrB8A4DUw1sMOx2AglDCa2OjwcrCcj7Gk1nefB2R7R0tEhNsDS2OVBCAgSgEkBawL_NfBcSbnHItxkCmsgV/s640/IMG6+Leafbird+and+jay+shrike.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
blue-winged leafbird <i>Chloropsis moluccensis </i>may grow in popularity
similar to its cousin, the greater green leafbird<i> C.sonnerati,</i> whilst
the Javan nominate of crested jay (or jay shrike) <i>Platylophus
galericulatus</i> is already being substituted by the Sumatran and Bornean
subspecies <i>coronatus </i>(in photo; <i>Photos: Jonathan Beilby</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Indonesia’s cagebird markets are dynamic and trends of popularity in groups of species can change quickly. Some species, such as the greater green leafbird <i>Chloropsis sonnerati</i>, are beginning to exhibit worrying population trajectories that could go on to replicate historic declines of Critically Endangered species like the Bali myna (Eaton <i>et al</i>. 2015). Thus, an objective of this project is to investigate broad patterns of change in the range of species affected by trade. To achieve this, I will build species distribution models (SDMs) for a suite of traded species. Locations of species occurrence, obtained from citizen science datasets such as eBird, will be related to environmental (e.g. land-use and climate) and trade-pressure related variables (e.g. human population density and distance to bird markets), to determine which factors best predict species distribution. It is hoped that results will indicate where species are exposed to high levels of trapping pressure, as well as areas where trapping pressure is relatively low; these could be the best areas within which to search for ‘sanctuaries’ for future species reintroductions. This will serve as a predictive tool to pre-empt areas of concern for species that begin to emerge in large numbers at bird markets.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio96T1tWjJAnCzudOJP4Zoy-AAHZe2btcJ50uSnqUWFAQ64Ye-W0QmoGGI6H7kYTNj768rd79_hcWXIHE_8Z39RxpPdVJwIcqmqVZoeSwRnA62zeGyyqE1fV8ApG3afwUvAYqu02sT6nJq/s1600/IMG7_Java_sparrow.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1600" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio96T1tWjJAnCzudOJP4Zoy-AAHZe2btcJ50uSnqUWFAQ64Ye-W0QmoGGI6H7kYTNj768rd79_hcWXIHE_8Z39RxpPdVJwIcqmqVZoeSwRnA62zeGyyqE1fV8ApG3afwUvAYqu02sT6nJq/s640/IMG7_Java_sparrow.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Living
rent-free: the endemic Java sparrow is clinging on in unlikely places,
like at this hotel in Yogyakarta city centre, Java. (<i>Photo: Tom Squires)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">An interesting feature of the distribution of some species threatened by trade is that they appear to thrive in some unusual locations, either because they have so many visitors that trappers cannot covertly take birds, or security arrangements exist which indirectly protect birds. A couple of examples include the Java sparrow <i>Lonchura oryzivora</i> that I saw in Yogyakarta, roosting under the eaves of an exclusive hotel, and the Bali myna that were out in the open near a temple and very conspicuous to visitors of the site. I will review as many of these sites as possible to understand why species persist in these locations but are missing from others, and discover what is happening in terms of population dynamics. I will carry out bird surveys and collect environmental and socio-economic data in and around the sites supporting target species including Java sparrow, Javan myna <i>Acridotheres javanicus</i> and ruby-throated bulbul <i>Pycnonotus dispar</i>. Assessing these sites and searching for sites with similar attributes could help find locations for future species reintroductions, and possibly even new populations of threatened species. This work will certainly help document the biodiversity value of such sites and may highlight a need to formalise their protection wherever possible. <br /><br /><i>This project is joint-funded by MMU and Chester Zoo and is a collaboration between these organisations, Burung Indonesia (Indonesia’s BirdLife partner), and Universitas Indonesia. Tom’s supervisors are Stu, Nigel Collar (BirdLife International), Andrew Owen (Chester Zoo), Christian Devenish (MMU), Simon Tollington (Chester Zoo), Huw Lloyd (MMU) and Nurul Winarni (Universitas Indonesia).</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>References</b><br /><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;">Collar, N.J. & Butchart, H.M. (2014) Conservation breeding and avian diversity: chances and challenges. <i>International Zoo Yearbook </i>48: 7-28 <br /><br />Eaton, J.A., Shepherd, C.R., Rheindt, F.E., Harris, J.B.C., van Balen, S. (B.), Wilcove, D.S. and Collar, N.J. (2015) Trade-driven extinctions and near-extinctions of avian taxa in Sundaic Indonesia. <i>Forktail </i>31: 1-12<br /><br />Jepson, P.R. (2016) Saving a species threatened by trade: a network study of Bali starling Leucopsar rothschildi conservation. <i>Oryx </i>50: 480-488<br /><br />Lee, J.G.H., Chng, S.C.L. and Eaton, J.A. (<i>eds</i>.) (2016) <i>Conservation strategy for Southeast Asian songbirds in trade.</i> Recommendations from the first Asian Songbird Trade Crisis Summit 2015 held in Jurong Bird Park, Singapore, 27-29 September 2015<br /><br />Nijman, V., Sari, S.L., Siriwat, P., Sigaud, M. & Nekaris, K.A-I. (2017) Records of four Critically Endangered songbirds in the markets of Java suggest domestic trade is a major impediment to their conservation. <i>BirdingASIA </i>27: 20-25.</span></span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com199tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-9846410487535526642017-09-10T11:10:00.001+01:002017-09-13T18:05:42.169+01:00Salone's gangs: Children of a civil war<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Amy Marsden </i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For three months, I lived in Kenema, in Sierra Leone’s Eastern Province, as part of the <a href="https://www.volunteerics.org/" target="_blank">ICS scheme</a>. Our group was mainly involved in peaceful conflict resolution discussions with members of violent street gangs and young people in the four different communities. Over the course of 12 weeks, we covered everything from Ebola, to mental health, and the civil war in our group discussions.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Sierra Leone has a long history of disruption, disasters and violence, the most recent of which being the devastating landslides in Freetown. However, it is arguably the eleven year civil war (1991- 2002) that caused most chaos and that is almost as prevalent today as it was 15 years ago. During this period of war, war crimes were unabashedly committed and countless human rights were breeched. It is thought that at least 50,000, if not as many as 300,000 lives were taken. A prominent feature of this war, as with some other African conflicts, was the proportion of children involved in the fighting.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The aftermath of the war is still painfully prominent in Salone society, both in its people and its geography. Deep into the Kambui hills and those of the Gola rainforest, you can still stumble across rebel ammunition and weaponry; both of which can be easily found in the Kenema black market. If it isn't enough of a reminder being in the shadow of rebel hideouts up in the hills, you can see the effect of the war in Kenema's people.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Child soldiers. Above - the reality; below - J-Boy and Small Mikey play with wooden guns in the yard (<i>Photo: Amy Marsden</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The stories of burned villages, mass executions, war rape, child soldiers and cannibalism lives on brutally in the minds of survivors, now 15 years since the war ended. It isn't any wonder that there are many suffering with severe mental health problems because of what they experienced. One of the older participants in our group sessions in a community called Nydandeyama, was a young man during the civil war. He told us of the joy in which the rebels executed people, and the songs they sang before they did. He remembers the hysterical fear he felt when hearing one of these songs as he was stopped at a rebel checkpoint with his mother. He felt sure that if they had not been hidden in the back of the van, they would have both been killed.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />As UK volunteers, we couldn't help but wonder at how these kind of experiences had affected people. With only one mental health nurse in the whole of the country, and no NGOs working in this area, there is no help for those who desperately need it. When we spoke to people about the war in our talks, they were understandably reluctant to open<br />up. Sierra Leonians don't talk about the civil war, it seems that they prefer to pretend it never happened, potentially providing a breeding ground for further emotional and psychological issues. However, some seemed relieved to unburden themselves from the pressure of this secrecy. Many spoke of their personal grief; losing mothers, standing as their homes burnt to the ground. However, it is arguably the long- term effects of the war that have created the biggest impact on modern Salone society. This is primarily because of what the children of Sierra Leone experienced in those eleven years at war.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Small Mikey doing headstands on the dining room table (<i>Photo: Amy Marsden</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Kenema’s Street Gangs</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is the children (now aged between 20-40) who lost parents and senior members of their families who have grown up without essential support systems. Those who did not find this support in religious or community groups formed or integrated into street gangs, known in Sierra Leone as ‘cliques’. This could have been to simply to feel a sense of community and togetherness they no longer had within a family. It seemed that the bonds they shared and the power they felt from having such a support system could have been a small comfort against the losses they experienced in their childhoods. Despite how charming and seemingly childish these men are, the vast majority of gangs are involved in serious violence, the most powerful having mafia- style authority over their communities. Although most of the younger men involved in the cliques have typical jobs, like okada drivers (giving people lifts on their motorbikes or mopeds), the older men seem to be a part of something a little more suspect. Some of them are part of the diamond trade, one that is still as dishonest and unsafe as ever. Many diamond traders and labourers are part of street gangs; helping to find, sell and trade both illegally and unethically <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">sourc</span>ed gems. Sierra Leone is the fourteenth <a href="http://uk.businessinsider.com/the-25-poorest-countries-in-the-world-2017-3/#30-senegal-gdp-per-capita-2578-2102-1" target="_blank">poorest country in the world</a>, and for young adults and children living in poverty, these wealthy gang members must be inspirational for some of them. Young people in Kenema are desperate for jobs or some source of income, and from the outside, these ‘cliques’ seem to provide that, despite their members being frequently in and out of prison for violent crime.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Howareyou <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">playing</span> in unfinished house (<i>Photo: Amy Marsden</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">During the war, boys as young as 5 were taken from their homes to fight. These children, now men, are less likely to be involved at all in Salone society, or even in street gangs. They were subject to such extreme and constant violence that they were expected to become immune to it. Many were forced to kill their own families, because, in theory, if you've killed your own parents, who will you not kill? These child soldiers were also forcibly given drugs and strong alcohol as a further brainwashing technique, to keep them inhumanely detached from their actions. Because of this, there are many survivors today with chronic drug and alcohol issues, either unable to break from the addiction that engulfed them during their time in the war; or because they are using these substances as a coping mechanism. These young people are often isolated, or isolate themselves from society. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One would think that the atrocities seen during the Salone civil war would be enough to persuade the country to be peaceful for a long time afterwards. However, in the community named ‘Burma 4’, many of the people we spoke to believed that another civil war was inevitable. The government is still selfishly corrupt, and those it is meant to be helping are still desperately trying to carve themselves a life out of poverty. Our community discussions indicated that many people across Kenema believed this to be the case, that a second conflict was on its way, as shortly as 15 years after the last ended.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Amy <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">is about to start her <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">BSc in International Disaster Management and Humanitarian Re<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">sponse</span> at the University of Manchester.</span></span></span></i></span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-33859415659638790742017-08-24T14:10:00.000+01:002017-09-13T17:47:48.630+01:00Understanding demand for songbirds in Java<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Posted by Harry Marshall</span></span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Back in February I attended the <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2017/05/asian-songbird-crisis-meeting-and.html" target="_blank">Asian Songbird Crisis Summit in Singapore</a>, as a prospective PhD student soon to begin working under the supervision of Stu, Nigel Collar (Birdlife), Andy Moss (Chester Zoo), and Alex Lees (MMU). My research is being funded by <a href="http://www.chesterzoo.org/conservation-and-science" target="_blank">Chester Zoo</a> and MMU, and will be a collaboration between the aforementioned institutions, Burung Indonesia (the BirdLife partner in Indonesia), and Universit<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">as Atma Jaya Yogyakarta</span>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Where it all began: The ASC in Singapore, a stand-out talk by Madelon Willemson from TRAFFIC</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (<i>Photos: Harry Marshall</i>)</span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">South-East Asia is currently facing an avian extinction crisis driven by a huge volume of domestic and international trade in wild birds (Nijman, 2010; Eaton <i>et al</i>., 2015). Indonesia in particular, is considered a central hub for trade, typified by recent evidence demonstrating how domestic trade is driving major population declines in wild birds in Sumatra (Harris <i>et al</i>., 2016). Moreover, trade is considered a significant threat to at least 28 globally threatened species with a range that includes Indonesia (Eaton <i>et al.</i>, 2015). As with many conservation issues, the full consequences of this crisis for biodiversity and ecosystem services remain poorly understood. My research is therefore aimed at understanding the characteristics of demand for songbirds, and using this information to investigate and identify measures that will reduce the impact on wild bird populations and improve sustainability of the industry.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pramuka bird market on a rainy day...(Photo: Harry Marshall)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Bird-keeping in Indonesia is no recent phenomenon, keeping a bird in a cage is one of the five traditional symbols of Javanese knight (known as Kukila), and has been apparent for centuries. However, in the last 20-30 years there has been an explosion in popularity of singing competitions, whereby hobbyists come together and let their birds sing under the watchful eyes of judges, who rate birdsong on a number of different aspects. Since the turn of the century there has been a reduction in the number of birds imported into Indonesia (due to avian influenza), consequently native species from across the archipelago are being targeted to supply demand and some have already started disappearing from their native ranges. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 107%;">As species have become scarcer within Indonesia there is a growing number of
people dedicating themselves to breeding birds commercially, however, evidence is inconclusive as to whether captive breeding is in fact reducing
the impact (of the trade) on wild bird populations </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 107%;">(Eaton <i>et al.</i>,
2015; Burivalova <i>et al.</i>, 2017)</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; line-height: 107%;">.</span><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The shifting context of bird-keeping (from Kukila to singing competitions) demonstrates the complexity of demand, and how the biological impact is tied to changes in the cultural, political, and economic contexts. Indeed, not only is bird-keeping important culturally, economically the industry is worth around $80 million a year.</span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiLrPq8gDo6_TvRDpxXH0adw5TgL-g4ejS3cZQ33Hdf0fm7HXm47MOdeJZVwwgjcGtOFyj_P8IXpF077NmOZ-fG_S7FMxH0LOlAfF4Gd9Bm0cz3MocnoWcagi5drtDwfNyfhEZunCBqFqp/s1600/%25233+Lomba+burung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1520" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiLrPq8gDo6_TvRDpxXH0adw5TgL-g4ejS3cZQ33Hdf0fm7HXm47MOdeJZVwwgjcGtOFyj_P8IXpF077NmOZ-fG_S7FMxH0LOlAfF4Gd9Bm0cz3MocnoWcagi5drtDwfNyfhEZunCBqFqp/s640/%25233+Lomba+burung.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: xx-small;">Examples of singing contests held all over Java, practically on daily basis (<i>Photos: Harry Marshall</i>)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We have developed a survey to gather data on the bird-keeping habits of respondents, alongside their perceptions and beliefs relating to bird-keeping, such as how many, and what types of birds they own, why they keep birds, and whether they see a connection between their birds and wild populations. The surveys will be administered by a team of students from Indonesia and myself. We have chosen study sites (using stratified sampling techniques) to capture an equal share of urban and rural settings within each administrative region in Java. Previous work on this topic has mainly focused on urban populations of bird-keepers, however by including rural localities we hope to uncover a more nuanced understanding of demand across Java.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFucVfYgKq-gZqDTNRpldQFvKJO9WUTTH7avPIKMacXCtvC2eAV1ZTq-uZwf4NxbBdlTaDSVbimFNb7K1JsPD239HpZMBf5w0Ktxg1haFAnSUxGUvMBVmRdlI244J78FEppdXNNqpoNFB/s1600/%25234+Pasar+anis+ayam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="496" data-original-width="952" height="332" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWFucVfYgKq-gZqDTNRpldQFvKJO9WUTTH7avPIKMacXCtvC2eAV1ZTq-uZwf4NxbBdlTaDSVbimFNb7K1JsPD239HpZMBf5w0Ktxg1haFAnSUxGUvMBVmRdlI244J78FEppdXNNqpoNFB/s640/%25234+Pasar+anis+ayam.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Left to right:<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"> a woman selling bird food at Pramuka bird market; Orange-headed Thrush <i>Geokichla citrina</i> singing in its famous ‘drunken master’ trance; chicks spray
painted in every colour of the rainbow to be sold as novelty items for
children (<i>Photos: Harry Marshall</i>)</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Due to the prevalence of songbird contests across Java, any examination of songbird demand should at some point turn its attention specifically to the numerous hobbyists who take part in, or attend these bi-weekly events. To gain a better understanding of the mindset and culture of hobbyists, in-depth interviews will be used to gather data on their behaviour, and attitudes towards the environment and sustainability. The qualitative methods used will allow a deeper understanding of the situation in Java, and allow a more personal exploration of why keeping and competing songbirds is so widespread. The keeping of birds, just like other hobbies or obsessions is both influenced by our nature and culture, and can even affect society, <a href="http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/08/02/pigeon-racing-leads-to-dozens-of-divorces-in-purbalingga.html" target="_blank">as this story from the Jakarta Post</a> demonstrates.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFdnqwrw2g6SM1YuNWq_qSgqEyrHuCF2XnF94Mca2vs1-9uLRjUvWh99SXJtaS493nQsUtzYAbMXgJh2b6xnoGsVGxcr8lShniMQLL4alB8P-ea4OE40rx_0TwqB_QNKHvR6phx6vpkluB/s1600/%25235+Lovebird+flags.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="448" data-original-width="852" height="336" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFdnqwrw2g6SM1YuNWq_qSgqEyrHuCF2XnF94Mca2vs1-9uLRjUvWh99SXJtaS493nQsUtzYAbMXgJh2b6xnoGsVGxcr8lShniMQLL4alB8P-ea4OE40rx_0TwqB_QNKHvR6phx6vpkluB/s640/%25235+Lovebird+flags.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">A man tends to his lovebird after competing in a singing contest. Flags used to award points to birds during singing contests (<i>Photos: Harry Marshall</i>)</span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another dimension to the situation is that as the sale of birds in markets appears to have decreased in recent years (in part thanks to work by NGOs exposing illegal trade), and it is now becoming easier to buy wildlife on the internet. Trade now happens over social media, which isn’t surprising considering Indonesia has one of the fastest growing <a href="http://jakartaglobe.id/features/indonesias-surprising-love-affair-with-social-media/" target="_blank">social media markets</a>, and has the fourth highest number of <a href="http://thediplomat.com/2017/05/the-dark-side-of-indonesias-social-media-boom/" target="_blank">Facebook users globally</a>. New techniques to monitor trade and trends in demand are therefore urgently required to ensure that up-to-date information is being used to tackle unsustainable supply. An online version of the survey will therefore be made available and shared at singing contests, at universities, and via social media links to allow access to a much larger audience. Another exciting part of my project is using web-scraping to gather information on the habits, perceptions and beliefs of hobbyists, and subsequently using text-mining analytics to determine what key factors influence a bird’s popularity, and what species may become threatened in the future. The results from these online-based techniques will be compared with the results from the face-to-face survey to determine whether they represent a cost-effective means for collecting crucial data on bird-keeping in Indonesia.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZnNZFEVRxXD4ZWWUu6feNTvorYzcbtqt98ApjCV6Y17EwsHL126YP0B0tvpHAGs1TrIQrwkPiIuVO0WoKVTZaXLc0F9Ja_DbMwUmniNJlxwnefonPJ_ZoIRLtoSN4eBS8y1Lr8A_TGon/s1600/%25236+Pasar+pasar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="608" data-original-width="1384" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBZnNZFEVRxXD4ZWWUu6feNTvorYzcbtqt98ApjCV6Y17EwsHL126YP0B0tvpHAGs1TrIQrwkPiIuVO0WoKVTZaXLc0F9Ja_DbMwUmniNJlxwnefonPJ_ZoIRLtoSN4eBS8y1Lr8A_TGon/s640/%25236+Pasar+pasar.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The trade in songbirds is moving from the market place to the internet via social media (Facebook & Twitter)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Through combining these various methods (from face-to-face interviews to web-scraping), we aim to build a comprehensive picture of the drivers and factors that are influencing demand for cagebirds, to inform and create evidence-based intervention strategies that reduce the impact on wild bird populations in the long-term. Ideally, these methods will also be replicable to other instances where demand for wildlife is driving populations to the brink of extinction.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>References</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Burivalova, Z., Lee, T. M., Hua, F., Lee, J. S. H., Prawiradilaga, D. M. and Wilcove, D. S. (2017) ‘Understanding consumer preferences and demography in order to reduce the domestic trade in wild-caught birds’, Biological Conservation. Elsevier Ltd, 209, pp. 423–431.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Eaton, J. A., Shepherd, C. R., Rheindt, F. E., Harris, J. B. C., van Balen, S., Wilcove, D. S. and Collar, N. J. (2015). Trade-driven extinctions and near-extinctions of avian taxa in Sundaic Indonesia. Forktail 31: 1–12.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Harris, J. B. C., Tingley, M. W., Hua, F., Yong, D. L., Adeney, J. M., Lee, T. M., Marthy, W., Prawiradilaga, D. M., Sekercioglu, C. H., Suyadi, Winarni, N. and Wilcove, D. S. (2016). Measuring the Impact of the Pet Trade on Indonesian Birds. Conservation Biology 31: in press. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: x-small;">Nijman, V. (2010). An overview of international wildlife trade from Southeast Asia. Biodiversity and Conservation 19: 1101–1114. </span></div>
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com54tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-88249481283319250072017-07-31T11:15:00.000+01:002017-07-31T17:46:13.137+01:00Survival ecology for the Yellow-crested Cockatoo<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Posted by Anna Reuleaux</span></span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Two years ago we attended <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2015/09/the-fall-and-rise-and-fall-of-citron.html" target="_blank">a workshop on Yellow-crested Cockatoo conservation on Sumba</a> which quickly resulted in several research projects on the species. These research projects funded by Loro Parque Fundación (LPF) and Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten- und Population<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s</span>schutz (ZGAP) were combined into a PhD project for Anna. Here she reports on the first full year of work.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cockatoos on Sumba inspecting cavity (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Yellow-crested <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C</span>ockatoo <i>Cacatua sulphurea</i> is endemic to Indonesia and Timor Leste, and Critically Endangered. They used to be common throughout the Lesser Sundas and Sulawesi - so common that most older villagers remember being sent to the fields to kill cockatoos in their childhood to protect the corn harvest. Now the cockatoos are so rare that the majority of children have never seen one. Anna’s PhD research aims to provide the knowledge base for urgently needed conservation action for this charismatic species. This includes finding out which of the former cockatoo populations on the Lesser Sundas and Sulawesi still prevail, estimating their numbers, and, most importantly, understanding why the species survived in some locations and died out in others. Examining the productivity of the species and its limiting factors is also essential for understanding viability, or lack of it, within the populations. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpUs2OFRqi7JdukbMjkDKHF0le3YCTc7QSv2TJY_pHpjRmTfnYZCODQhrCLlfRmoIrtgz1gQRD4FHolL-cd-5kyIi-n7JIStDZGp8dNc-srEFe9DDmXBaekIQeBtmtGMklE9G4D09p_O4/s1600/Catchers+climbing+method+on+Pantar.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1201" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhWpUs2OFRqi7JdukbMjkDKHF0le3YCTc7QSv2TJY_pHpjRmTfnYZCODQhrCLlfRmoIrtgz1gQRD4FHolL-cd-5kyIi-n7JIStDZGp8dNc-srEFe9DDmXBaekIQeBtmtGMklE9G4D09p_O4/s640/Catchers+climbing+method+on+Pantar.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Climbing ladders to access cockatoo nests were still evident on Pantar (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Dynamics of the Sumba population</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The largest remaining population is found on Sumba with remaining population numbers of the orange-crested sub-species <i>C. s. citrinocristata</i> thought, at the last count, to be in the thousands (Cahill <i>et al</i>. 2005). Burung Indonesia (the Birdlife Partner) and the Fund for Endangered Parrots (a working group of ZGAP) have been working together in a successful long-term public awareness campaign on the island, which has resulted in the creation of a National Park, and poaching coming to a virtual halt on Sumba.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxS17tA97rCImq1FMwzVD8u9d55eNeYXjhbjcBqSup9_Xg2dgwTJVYJftt0cuUgFPjW7-cjG1t93L-HSIF2nSA9RZa769IRJptPu86U5qnWu59gMtlvZzrKjBMzl02B_BdmenK1cBmefn3/s1600/Largest+Roost+on+Sumba.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxS17tA97rCImq1FMwzVD8u9d55eNeYXjhbjcBqSup9_Xg2dgwTJVYJftt0cuUgFPjW7-cjG1t93L-HSIF2nSA9RZa769IRJptPu86U5qnWu59gMtlvZzrKjBMzl02B_BdmenK1cBmefn3/s400/Largest+Roost+on+Sumba.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cockatoo roost on Sumba (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In order to judge viability of the population it is essential to understand the demographic parameters and limiting factors for reproduction. Therefore Anna and the cockatoo team of Burung Indonesia have set out to monitor nests during the core breeding season from October to March. Finding active nests has proven difficult, but with increased search efforts in the 2015/16 season, the team found 19 sites that were prospected by cockatoos. Unfortunately only five had eggs laid in them and only one chick fledged. A second single chick was already sticking its head out of the cavity entrance which indicated nearing fledging but on the next visit it looked like this (<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">see Figure below)<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></span> This cockatoo chick died shortly before fledging, probably due to predation. The skeletonised remains were found in the cavity without the skull.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCyHQwL0bFftNPrGyvbzxi9kZBIyggfI2cO5EJpPkNrSrGD3cgW8XvRXv2IwPNnk3P3bS5RQT1rLcg4dR4O7sqpMy5e52R74-DQyAw-uPTM8UaEM8hik7ch5ebYiFygFzFi-4Z6LWpQFMq/s1600/Skeleton+cockatoo+chick.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCyHQwL0bFftNPrGyvbzxi9kZBIyggfI2cO5EJpPkNrSrGD3cgW8XvRXv2IwPNnk3P3bS5RQT1rLcg4dR4O7sqpMy5e52R74-DQyAw-uPTM8UaEM8hik7ch5ebYiFygFzFi-4Z6LWpQFMq/s640/Skeleton+cockatoo+chick.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">This cockatoo chick died shortly before fledging, probably due to predation (<i>Photo: Ana Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrpal_TFuRtlXRGVcFmvyiWG1LVzfzUzWBZqjNXWyMpplDCxaVaJhflnLl81jnSBCctnmjlkGOJE4kO8ZV4CWPoomBEu1jZN0Mqx3AGGnVFWSQhc14fLyAj4BBINce4PuAuv3ka-_ztNn3/s1600/Two+cockatoo+chicks+in+one+nest.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1417" data-original-width="1600" height="564" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrpal_TFuRtlXRGVcFmvyiWG1LVzfzUzWBZqjNXWyMpplDCxaVaJhflnLl81jnSBCctnmjlkGOJE4kO8ZV4CWPoomBEu1jZN0Mqx3AGGnVFWSQhc14fLyAj4BBINce4PuAuv3ka-_ztNn3/s640/Two+cockatoo+chicks+in+one+nest.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cockatoo chicks very much alive and looking forward to contributing to viability of the Sumba population (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Frustrated with the unknown causes for nest failures in the first season, the team installed camera traps above the entrances of prospected cavities for the 2016/17 season. Although there was no lack of cockatoo activity around the monitored cavities, only two active nests were found, both late in the breeding cycle, and in previously unmonitored cavities. One of the pairs even fledged two chicks, which is a first in documented nest attempts on Sumba. <br />Camera trap footage from cavities provided ample evidence of competitors and potential predators<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> A Long-tailed macaque <i>Macaca fascicularis</i> and an Asian Palm Civet <i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i> were caught looking into a cockatoo cavity, which was luckily empty at the time. Two species of owls used the cavities at night on a regular basis, Short-tailed Starlings <i>Aplonis minor</i>, Great-billed Parrots <i>Tanygnathus megalorynchos</i> and Eclectus <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">P</span>arrots <i>Eclectus roratus</i> occupied sites that were abandoned by cockatoos.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6IcHohykpy85Yhs3f8VfYvUXp5aUhwBfrM2QIWR_TvI5L_1KL9u-ceqz3y1nRyktk_Cgh70nsesAOV5Obq2v7W5ZwNgQDA1SbrDSPrnzAEhMQg3Prhyrmko4StpFjOfnHfpNsrmZMznIH/s1600/Sumba+hornbill+checking+cockatoo+nest+cavity.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6IcHohykpy85Yhs3f8VfYvUXp5aUhwBfrM2QIWR_TvI5L_1KL9u-ceqz3y1nRyktk_Cgh70nsesAOV5Obq2v7W5ZwNgQDA1SbrDSPrnzAEhMQg3Prhyrmko4StpFjOfnHfpNsrmZMznIH/s640/Sumba+hornbill+checking+cockatoo+nest+cavity.JPG" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Sumba has an inordinate number of birds species interested in holes in trees - here, the endemic hornbill inspects (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>Where do other populations remain, and why?</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />There are <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2015/02/the-faces-and-races-of-yellow-crested.html" target="_blank">six other <i>C. sulphurea </i>subspecies</a> in the Lesser Sundas, on Sulawesi and on three small island groups in the Sulawesi and Java Sea. From March to May this year, Anna went on a ‘road trip’ to survey the populations of <i>C. s. occidentalis</i> on the island chain between Sumbawa and Alor. The largest remaining population of this subspecies is in Komodo National Park and will be surveyed later this year. Between Sumbawa and Alor there are about 70 locations with Yellow-crested <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C</span>ockatoo records of the past (Threatened birds of Asia and other reports), most of which are certain to be free of cockatoos today. Anna and field assistant Romy from Burung’s Sumba programme set out to survey the most promising of these locations, estimate approximate numbers and find likely sets of conditions allowing populations to survive.</span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqZvm_f_Fpi-0dakgY583UHbQpqmojsAbJ3ydsr8JLyTgmha6K3IJ2YIZVbyKA2Q8zZZhb5UTYEQZdkN6QrBb-ndExxi7oAs9kIsOCrmwQo4rSA4G3Umov2cHkb4QSFO8KvQGp8HHX4zzT/s1600/Sumbawa+-+Track+conditions+in+the+wet+season.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqZvm_f_Fpi-0dakgY583UHbQpqmojsAbJ3ydsr8JLyTgmha6K3IJ2YIZVbyKA2Q8zZZhb5UTYEQZdkN6QrBb-ndExxi7oAs9kIsOCrmwQo4rSA4G3Umov2cHkb4QSFO8KvQGp8HHX4zzT/s640/Sumbawa+-+Track+conditions+in+the+wet+season.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The team found surviving populations in fifteen locations varying in (minimum) size between four and 46 individuals. Evidence for capture of cockatoos was almost universal in all populations: captive birds in the villages, ‘harvested’ numbers reported by locals, or climbing setups still visible on the nest trees. The reasons why these populations are still clinging on are very varied and each place has its own story, but what all have in common is some sort of protection from capture for the pet trade. This may be remoteness, difficult access, a formally protected area, sacred land, exclusive and perhaps sustainable harvesting by one trapper, a climbing accident, and awareness work by NGOs. The amount and normality of trapping still happening was shocking and will surely lead to the extinction of populations in the near future, if nothing is done about it.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-IFUk80UTzftCq_NkSiO8DREAWF65TQm9YMNVs5gpPTz7hu-fnfw6eQP0h6kIQ2Cz4pllzd0IT5K8noiyORLfXoEB7v7l9Gr0Ytqwc_sGVXL7sn5sweOSMiQOnv8-12ckphKome_AFO6W/s1600/Alor+-+Cockatoos+remain+in+forest+with+difficult+access.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1201" data-original-width="1600" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj-IFUk80UTzftCq_NkSiO8DREAWF65TQm9YMNVs5gpPTz7hu-fnfw6eQP0h6kIQ2Cz4pllzd0IT5K8noiyORLfXoEB7v7l9Gr0Ytqwc_sGVXL7sn5sweOSMiQOnv8-12ckphKome_AFO6W/s640/Alor+-+Cockatoos+remain+in+forest+with+difficult+access.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Cockatoos survive in areas that are difficult to access, like here on Alor (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">From July to September Anna will survey the population on Sumba to obtain a much needed new population estimate. This distance sampling survey will try to match previous surveys as closely as possible, and will include other key bird species and habitat parameters. In October, Burung’s Ecologist Benny and Anna will estimate the cockatoo population of Komodo National Park. They will spend 4-6 weeks on the islands of Komodo and Rinca and use distance sampling methods similar to those applied on Sumba.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOkYJeebFsLb2myiYhXF2UXlNOjQUdQHKJTyCKlTCM6Je4DBxqBsz0Jl1qPOeo_njP3BEqihiUQJH3emPc0SPGTXreuw5u-hPqqRwaSD2LDHrFut5onDf8PDv3-knJYSgtr2hNPZKbfhhd/s1600/Rinca-Robong-Flores+daily+cockatoo+commute.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOkYJeebFsLb2myiYhXF2UXlNOjQUdQHKJTyCKlTCM6Je4DBxqBsz0Jl1qPOeo_njP3BEqihiUQJH3emPc0SPGTXreuw5u-hPqqRwaSD2LDHrFut5onDf8PDv3-knJYSgtr2hNPZKbfhhd/s640/Rinca-Robong-Flores+daily+cockatoo+commute.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The Rinca-Robong-Flores daily cockatoo commute (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> The Sumba cockatoo breeding season will already have started when Anna and Benny get back to Sumba. The trail cameras will remain in place on the nest trees year round. Hopefully more of the monitored cavities will become active and additional ones can be found. Once the breeding season calms down with chicks starting to fledge, it will be time for Anna to survey the rest of the species’ range for remaining populations: West Timor and Timor Leste, Sulawesi and the islands of Tanahjampea and Wakatobi. The remote population of <i>C. s. abbotti</i> on Masalembo may not need a visit as it is tiny and closely monitored by other organisations. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Romy scanning for cockatoos on Pulau Adonara (<i>Photo: Anna Reuleaux</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When the results of all these surveys come together, we will have a much better understanding of the Yellow-crested Cockatoo’s status and be able to identify key areas for immediate conservation interventions and for more long term work. Anna’s PhD, supervised by Stu, along with Martin Jones (MMU), Nigel Collar (BirdLife), and Ani Mardiastuti (Agricultural University Bogor), is due in 2019.</span></span><br />
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>This project is funded by Loro Parque Fundación, Zoologische Gesellschaft für Arten-und <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Populations</span>schutz,
Fond für bedrohte Papageien and Strunden Papageienstiftung. Currently
Anna is supported by a scholarship of the German Academic Exchange
Service (DAAD). The work is a close cooperation with Burung
Indonesia, particularly with the team on Sumba. Further counterparts in
Indonesia are Agricultural University Bogor (IPB, Prof. Ani Mardiastuti)
and Universitas Nusa Cendana, Kupang. We are grateful that the
Indonesian Government (Ristekdikti and KLHK) gave permission for this
research. </i></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>References</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Cahill, A. J., Walker, J. S. and Marsden, S. J. (2006). Recovery within a population of the Critically Endangered citron-crested cockatoo <i>Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata</i> in Indonesia after 10 years of international trade control. <i>Oryx</i> 40: 161–167. </span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-41928464668057698542017-05-22T15:07:00.001+01:002017-09-13T17:48:01.402+01:00Asian Songbird Crisis Meeting and the ‘birders' graveyard’<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Posted by Stu</i><br /><br />I recently returned from Singapore and Indonesia – a trip almost wholly dedicated to planning our work on the Asian Songbird Crisis (<a href="http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Trade-driven-extinctions.pdf" target="_blank">Eaton et al. 2015</a>). One of the main jobs was to get Tom Squires and Harry Marshall, our two new PhD students, up to speed with the conservation issues, and in tune with the Javan culture, environment and language. I was travelling with the guys, along with Nigel Collar, Ria Saryanthi (Yanthi) from Burung Indonesia, and Andrew Owen from Chester Zoo, the PhD sponsor/partner.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrnRgqU__wpEBJQnlZN9EywST_Manbg20onHJov-uEUv-XTZRBVyJBfHjp4S4r-BCZzeUAeBqkQbf90JKgelW9S4fZIGtOt2wYx8o2D6Zgt046Sjo-5-FDb40J4u0_CtRQ4udMDbEqB66d/s1600/DSC_0313+%2528800x532%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="532" data-original-width="800" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhrnRgqU__wpEBJQnlZN9EywST_Manbg20onHJov-uEUv-XTZRBVyJBfHjp4S4r-BCZzeUAeBqkQbf90JKgelW9S4fZIGtOt2wYx8o2D6Zgt046Sjo-5-FDb40J4u0_CtRQ4udMDbEqB66d/s640/DSC_0313+%2528800x532%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The PASTY bird market in Yogyakarta (<i>Photo: Harry Marshall</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Our first stop was the 2nd Asian Songbird Crisis Summit held at the Jurong Bird Park in Singapore. There is a great synopsis of this three day meeting by Nigel in the forthcoming BirdingAsia. There was some fantastic discussion among the 55 participants. The scale of the problem, the wide range of issues involved, and ‘takes’ on what might be the main solutions took up much of time – but a personal highlight was a great talk on rhino horn use in Vietnam by Madelon Willemsen of TRAFFIC – particularly how social profiling can be used a basis for changing the behaviour of consumers. We were also updated on efforts by Jess Lee to form an IUCN Asian Songbird Crisis Specialist Group – more on this very soon.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then we travelled on to Taman Safari, a safari/theme park near Bogor and venue for the Bali Myna <i>Leucopsar rothschildi</i>. Efforts to conserve this flagship species have been ongoing since the 1980s. Needless to say, these efforts have not been very successful – but there was a feeling at the meeting that a corner may have been turned and that coordinated efforts by Indonesians, supported by Western conservation organisations might at last have a chance of success (see later). During our time at Taman Safari, we had, thanks to Tony Sumampau, the opportunity to meet with the Indonesian Minister of the Environment, Siti Nurbaya Bakar, to discuss our planned research and actions to help the songbirds. Ibu was receptive and more meetings are planned to push our agenda forward.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQyAyGSxGFWY5hJKs-cKiMVZTI0yVTqFQYh_2BsPoPSqtXS9N2USxCcYx3Z1GbEF_3rNhglB33eHCDLXSTc_6dyEfXHqKpBmK85M7PzA3s8NyO0v49rnibnJQF_0eHI0jhAe_lEAXsFkUE/s1600/IMG_1191.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQyAyGSxGFWY5hJKs-cKiMVZTI0yVTqFQYh_2BsPoPSqtXS9N2USxCcYx3Z1GbEF_3rNhglB33eHCDLXSTc_6dyEfXHqKpBmK85M7PzA3s8NyO0v49rnibnJQF_0eHI0jhAe_lEAXsFkUE/s400/IMG_1191.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Captive breeding of Bali Mynas is big business in Java and Bali (<i>Photo: Stu</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After this meeting, Nigel and I joined Tony Sumampau for a visit to some bird breeding facilities both in Bogor and Klaten – the latter badging itself as Java’s 'bird-breeding<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>capital’. Here, expensive species such as Black-winged Mynas, Bali Mynas, Javan Pied Starlings, and Straw-headed Bulbuls were being bred on an industrial scale. Facilities are not pretty but this supply of birds may soon start to have an effect on demand for some wild-caught birds – it is already having an effect on prices which have fallen considerably in some species. </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Kicau Mania! - songbird contest in East Java (<i>Photo: Harry Marshall</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Next up was a really interesting experience. We attended a singing competition run by the respected PBI Song contest club. I didn’t really know quite what to expect. Set in a local park, tens of people brought their best singers, to compete in one of almost 30 categories from Straw-headed Bulbul and Sharmas to lovebirds and Canaries. Unlike other songbird competition clubs, PBI accepts only contestants which are captive bred. Getting other bird clubs such as the fast-growing internet clubs with <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">huge numbers of</span> members, to adopt this rule would be a major breakthrough.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3fvyp9X7wLxS8gtYCOQMEpJHIQyTwnDgIf9ksfAHvXyfa4Ri78Xh2D5gOtxjEloNGfe6aNNLewrbPyxph-JXY_C-lMec-y8fzFFqbdqLACWEIwPmCPSwez_5EnlEz_XA01dSlg-wSENoS/s1600/DSC_0149.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3fvyp9X7wLxS8gtYCOQMEpJHIQyTwnDgIf9ksfAHvXyfa4Ri78Xh2D5gOtxjEloNGfe6aNNLewrbPyxph-JXY_C-lMec-y8fzFFqbdqLACWEIwPmCPSwez_5EnlEz_XA01dSlg-wSENoS/s640/DSC_0149.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The savannas of Baluran National Park in East Java are key to the survival of the Critically Endangered Grey-backed Myna (<i>Photo: Harry Marshall</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Then we flew to Banyuwangi on the eastern tip of Java, primarily to look for the Critically Endangered Grey-backed Myna <i>Acridotheres tricolor</i> in Baluran NP and Grey-rumped Myna <i>Acridotheres tertius</i> and Bali Mynas <i>Leucopsar rothschildi</i> (both CR) in northwestern Bali. We were pleasantly surprised by the situation in Baluran – <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">the park</span> seems well-wardened by an organised and enthusiastic set of NP staff. Mynas appear to be doing quite well, and may number more than 50 in the park, show signs of breeding well, and were said to be expanding out of the main savannah to other areas of the park. This is potentially great news for this troubled taxon. We didn’t get much chance for birding but managed good numbers of Green Peafowl, Javan Banded Pitta, a Javan Frogmouth, and a young Leopard Cat catching moths on the road. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVCsHSnf204IrhqOvHN7TvlBK-iaRenZWbcyxkr6UrpbvDF4_t5M2o0rujYSWvJYnxVHUCb1pxEzN0YedeuiixatHky3S_iBgbNB4vYvusrZtqbjW8uWF0us2UAkX-0rl6YoOTVnqLUcY3/s1600/Bali+Myna+Nestbox.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="468" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVCsHSnf204IrhqOvHN7TvlBK-iaRenZWbcyxkr6UrpbvDF4_t5M2o0rujYSWvJYnxVHUCb1pxEzN0YedeuiixatHky3S_iBgbNB4vYvusrZtqbjW8uWF0us2UAkX-0rl6YoOTVnqLUcY3/s640/Bali+Myna+Nestbox.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bali Myna in artificial nest hole at one of the release sites in Bali Bharat National Park (<i>Photo: Tom Squires</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A day on Bali started with a visit to the breeding centre in Bali Bharat (Andrew noted some quite serious genetic problems in young birds) and a drive out to one of the release sites near Lampu Merah. A few Bali Mynas are being fed and monitored here, and there are apparently a handful of grey-rumped mynas too. But the strangest and potentially most encouraging thing we saw was the Bali Myna release site at Labuhan Lalang. Incredibly, released birds seem to be thriving at this busy tourist trap – feeding on the ground among the cafes and shops, and breeding in nest boxes by the busy main road. They are guarded of course – and perhaps it is only a matter of time before they are stolen – but it is just possible that they will thrive here simply because it is so busy. Last stop was the grounds of the exclusive Menjangan hotel (the hotel has a concession to manage land within the NP) turned up a few ‘original’ Grey-rumped Mynas.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Many thanks to staff and students at University of Indonesia for making me and my ecology so welcome.</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After a talk to Masters and under<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">graduate students at University of Indonesia at Depok (hosted by Dr Nurul Wirnani), </span></span>I spent the last four days of my trip on Sumatra. This is an island I have visited only once for a couple of days at Wai Kambas back in 1992. This time, I went to Gunung Kerinci and the Tapan Road within the Kerinci-Seblat National Park. The former can be frustratingly quiet and some of the endemics incredibly hard to see. Some know the site as the ‘Birder’s Graveyard’.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisd3Yie7DU9jVBVIzs0_f7gLJdtklKrlWtjWnq8ZZ3kHJ6pj-QUlZiU0Hv4c-w7MgtiQ0tbwzCHSgU6KQm-pHw5KHmIf2JUpNm5YSSNUmv_1sm1HHoeivS0xeee7PQbguuio8nChEvdNw_/s1600/IMG_1249.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisd3Yie7DU9jVBVIzs0_f7gLJdtklKrlWtjWnq8ZZ3kHJ6pj-QUlZiU0Hv4c-w7MgtiQ0tbwzCHSgU6KQm-pHw5KHmIf2JUpNm5YSSNUmv_1sm1HHoeivS0xeee7PQbguuio8nChEvdNw_/s640/IMG_1249.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gunung Kerinci from Pak Subandi's homestay. The encroachment into the National Park and heavy trapping pressure are serious threats here (<i>Photo: Stu</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">After a flight from Jakarta to Padang and a six-hour drive from Padang to Pak Sub<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">a</span>ndi’s homestay at the base of the mountain, I was ready for an onslaught of birds. The first two hours of birding the following morning yielded Schneider’s Pitta, Salvadori’s Pheasant and Rusty-breasted Wren-babbler. This is easy I thought. I spent the next 8 hours trudging in the rain seeing almost nothing. The following day at Tapan road was bird-filled – lots of fruiting trees by the road held Sumatran green pigeons, Sumatran Trogons, broadbills, Blue-masked Leafbirds etc etc. The next day was very slow on Kerinci – not a sniff of a Cochoa or Red-billed Partridge. The final day yielded Graceful Pitta and Sumatran Leafbird at Tapan, along with daytime Binturong, Masked Palm Civet and two Yellow-throated Martens, and Sumatran Owlet and Salvadori’s Nightjar back at Kerinci. </span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com33tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-25454772469256569052017-05-05T18:26:00.000+01:002017-07-28T13:21:53.845+01:00Parrots and parakeets in the Dominican Republic<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Posted by Stu</i><br /><br />Hispaniola is an extraordinary place physically, culturally and biologically. The western third of the island is Haiti, born out of a slave rebellion at the end of the 18th Century, and seemingly being punished/punishing itself ever since. The eastern two-thirds is Dominican Republic (DR), with the Caribbean’s tallest mountain, oldest colonial city, and largest tourism business. The island is home to around 38 endemic bird species, including a ‘tropical’ crossbill and the Palmchat, which represents an endemic family on the island. It is also home to the poisonous Hispaniolan Solenodon <i>Solenodon paradoxus</i>, Number 7 in ZSL’s EDGE mammal chart due to its phylogenetic distinctiveness and its Endangered Red list status.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Good forest remains in the Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco (<i>Photo: Stu</i>) </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />I was in Dominican Republic (DR) with my good friend and ex-PhD student <a href="https://www.chester.ac.uk/departments/biological-sciences/staff/matt-geary" target="_blank">Matt Geary</a> (now University of Chester) to scope out a potential study of the Hispaniolan Amazon <i>Amazona ventralis</i>, Hispaniolan Parakeet <i>Psittacara chloropterus</i>, both Vulnerable, the Near-threatened Hispaniolan Trogon <i>Temnotrogon roseigaster</i> and other important birds on the island. Our hosts were <a href="http://www.grupojaragua.org.do/" target="_blank">Groupo Jaragua</a>, the DR BirdLife partner.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />The first two days were spent meeting Yolanda Leon (President) and Andrea Thomen (Project Manager) of Groupo Jaragua to discuss potential projects and our field visits. We were quite shocked by the volume of parrot ownership in the country’s cities and towns. We also had time to visit a couple of sites in the country’s capital Santo Domingo. The excellent botanical gardens had some of the commoner lowland endemics including the excellent Hispaniolan Lizard Cuckoo and good numbers of wintering American passerines including Prairie Warbler, many Cape May Warblers, and the lovely Black-throated Blue Warbler. We visited a large Hotel in a posh area of town and watched perhaps more than 500 Hispaniolan Parakeets and a couple of Hispaniolan Amazons arrive from various green spaces across the city to roost in trees in front of the hotel. </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLAWGEXWNSzlpsjbur1f3US2GmTecY_ptq4pur16LpRQHprp9W5GV_RhJq5S_cv7Z0JoJgozJoi__Cs_TldugqNgPw8FMEDcu3G7LIB8OV0j7wRE_vPYK43rwGHokyr-Py8GKQA2250ToG/s1600/parakeets.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLAWGEXWNSzlpsjbur1f3US2GmTecY_ptq4pur16LpRQHprp9W5GV_RhJq5S_cv7Z0JoJgozJoi__Cs_TldugqNgPw8FMEDcu3G7LIB8OV0j7wRE_vPYK43rwGHokyr-Py8GKQA2250ToG/s640/parakeets.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Vulnerable Hispaniolan Parakeets <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Psittacara chloropterus </i>getting ready to roost <i>(P<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">hoto: Yolanda Leon)</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Then we moved southwest to Groupo’s Oviedo field station for three days. Here we visited southwestern side of the famous Parque Nacional Sierra de Bahoruco. We recorded reasonable numbers of the parrots here, both in the mixed pine/broadleaf forests and in cloud forest patches at higher altitude. A parrot nestbox scheme didn’t seem to be doing too well – there is a lot of pressure from parrot catchers up here, with apparently little intervention by the poorly paid park guards. Nice birds included both the endemic Hispaniolan and introduced Olive-throated, Hispaniolan Crossbill and Golden Swallow. There were also a lot of American warblers up here – especially Black-throated Blues but also the odd Blackburnian and Black-throated Green, as well as the resident Pine warblers.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21JmtUhej8tY8wZoyWCQQmsh6q2U7wJEucnVK0dwYr9jwbLmpJyq8bj0PMEr4dy_9W-sDbOUkWN68Y0i3VXo-H7EjjG7-F_ukgRwt0cBvUdQT7V_kRrDgvBANMbB5ECH815p1Dp4gluxf/s1600/Amazona_ventralis_-Parque_Nacional_Jaragua%252C_Republica_Dominicana-8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj21JmtUhej8tY8wZoyWCQQmsh6q2U7wJEucnVK0dwYr9jwbLmpJyq8bj0PMEr4dy_9W-sDbOUkWN68Y0i3VXo-H7EjjG7-F_ukgRwt0cBvUdQT7V_kRrDgvBANMbB5ECH815p1Dp4gluxf/s640/Amazona_ventralis_-Parque_Nacional_Jaragua%252C_Republica_Dominicana-8.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Hispaniolan Amazons <i>Amazona ventralis</i> (VU) in Parque Nacional Jaragua (<i>Photo: Yolanda Leon</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A long and hot hike into the Parc Nacional Jaragua with Julio, an ex-parrot trapper, was extremely interesting. Parrot nests in fat-trunked Cherry Palms and the few remaining large trees in this dry spiny forest but are hammered both by local trappers and, more worryingly, by a team of ‘professional’ trappers who apparently took around 150 chicks last year. Nest trees/palms are identified at the start of the breeding season (April) and these are monitored as chicks grow until they are harvested just before fledging. Worryingly, there seems to be so much competition among trappers that chicks are being taken from nests earlier and earlier (to ensure others don’t take them first). One consolation perhaps is that the terrain is very difficult and I (may be wrong) but can imagine that not all nests in the large area are found – the species usually produces four chicks so a few successful nests coupled with the ‘fact’ that adults are not taken might be the key to sustaining the population. The gorgeous Broad-billed Tody occurred in the area at huge densities, and perhaps some signs of Solenodon in the less rocky areas.</span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO4DcVQYEzPE3tnK_bmDTgvZFOxomOph8kUG3ybLo_FjSvhtlgme_ZdtqkAHdvY22btyIIb3YFEmxD_z7fxCoV8ZvR7dzsjE9dkdR2r7w55f6U9rYSyihik59vdwKq10xwgWz3TiZzNNcA/s1600/Parrot+interviews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO4DcVQYEzPE3tnK_bmDTgvZFOxomOph8kUG3ybLo_FjSvhtlgme_ZdtqkAHdvY22btyIIb3YFEmxD_z7fxCoV8ZvR7dzsjE9dkdR2r7w55f6U9rYSyihik59vdwKq10xwgWz3TiZzNNcA/s640/Parrot+interviews.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Above: Discussions about parrot harvesting in Parque Nacional Jaragua (<i>Photo: Matt Geary</i>), Below: Old parrot nest cavity in Cherry Palm (<i>Photo: Yolanda Leon</i>) </td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br />Our final field trip was to Reserva Ebano Verde, a private reserve owned and run for the DR government by Fundacion Progressio, a DR banking trust. The contrast between this and the state-run parks was immediately obvious – no encroachment and proper control of trapping. Here there were high densities of Hispaniolan Trogons, helped in part to nest boxes put up by Simón Guerrero, a retired ornithology lecturer and passionate conservationist. We saw parrots here also but it also became apparent that the Hispaniolan Parakeet is really not doing well across the country. The cause of its decline is not known and is puzzling, especially considering it seems to be taking over the capital city! </span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Illegal farming is a problem in DR's national parks (<i>Photo: Stu</i>)</td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">There is much to find out about the hole-nesters on Hispaniola. I was quite surprised how many parrots are taken as pets in the cities, how rare the parakeet was, the level of corruption in the country, and also how much forest loss there has been away from the very dry forests of the lowlands and the montane areas. Hispaniolan Oriole is perhaps a bird to watch as it may be getting very scarce. Certainly not scarce is the endemic woodpecker - I have never seen so many woodpeckers anywhere in my life – they are literally everywhere and these birds must be important in creating holes for the secondary cavity nesters. Matt, Nigel Collar and I hope to be able to find funding for a PhD for a Dominican soon. </span><br />
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com8tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-57867262914396283592016-11-03T15:35:00.002+00:002016-11-10T16:47:39.443+00:00Mammal watching in Namibia and South Africa<i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Posted by Stu</span></span></i><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />A bit of a personal post this, and a link to Jon Hall’s excellent <a href="http://www.mammalwatching.com/" target="_blank">Mammal Watching pages</a>. This is a short report on 60 mammal species and some birds seen on our (Jo, Amy<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, Katie and my) </span>August 2016 trip to Namibia and South Africa. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The fun started quite unexpectedly with an overnight stop on the <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">drive</span> from Johannesburg to Lambert’s Bay at <a href="http://www.safarinow.com/go/akkedisbultcottagehopetown/" target="_blank">Akkedisbult Cottage</a>, situated on a farm near Hopetown. The owners, Gerald and Nici are progressive farmers, employing ‘guard donkeys’ to protect their sheep, using limited and selective control of predators such as Caracal and Jackel, and having a detailed knowledge of the ecology of their land. They invited us for an impromptu night drive in their 1950s Land Rover. Two hours in the freezing winds brought us excellent views of an <b>Aardvark</b> and two <b>Aardwolf</b>, several <b>Bat-eared Fox</b>, a <b>Zorilla</b>, and numerous <b>Spring Hare</b>. Black-footed Cat, which people see at <a href="http://www.marricksafari.com/" target="_blank">Marrick</a> near Kimberley, and Mountain Reedbuck also occur. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Next stop was the lovely <span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Lambert’s Bay</b></span>, looking for Cape Clapper Lark and Cape Long-billed Lark and to visit the Cape Gannet colony. Mammals included <b>Meerkat</b>, <b>Cape Fur Seal</b> and a breaching <b>Humpback Whale</b>.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Tankwa Karoo National Park</span></b> – we had seen Aardvark here a few years ago but no luck this time – in fact goodies were few and far between - some <b>Bat-eared Fox</b> and <b>Cape Mountain Zebra</b>. The Tankwa, however, was as gorgeous as I remembered it and so well worth a visit. We stayed two nights in the beautifully remote Varschfontein cottage and one night at De Zyfer cottage close to the HQ, where there was a half-eaten porcupine in one of the outhouses.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Etosha NP</b></span> – one night Okaukuejo; two nights Halali; two nights Namutoni (camping)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />There were a lot of civilians in Etosha, especially in the campsites, but it is a fantastic place for mammals. A great feature of a stay in the park are the illuminated waterholes at Okaukuejo and Halali, the one at Namatoni being perhaps not so good. Lots of ungulates on the drives, especially around Halali and Namutoni, including <b>Black</b> and <b>White Rhinos</b>, <b>Black-faced Impala</b> (intr<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">oduced into the park during the Angolan Civil War) </span>and the lovely <b>Damara Dikdik</b>, plenty of <b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">E</span>lephants</b>, <b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">G</span>iraffe</b> and <b>Burchell’s <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Z</span>ebra</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">,</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s</span>everal <b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L</span>ions</b>, one <b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">C</span>heetah </b>with small cub, and a single <b>Leopard</b>. <b>Honey Badgers</b> are a certainty at Halali Rest Camp – in the bins and drinking from the water taps at night.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Evenings/nights at waterholes produced</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Okaukuejo (dusk-10 pm) – <b>Black Rhino</b> (2), <b>White Rhino</b> (1), <b>Elephant</b>, and a stunning<b> Brown Hyena </b>(1 – wandered in at 8pm, drank and wandered out). This is a superb waterhole with large numbers of animals during the day and goodies at night.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Halali (around 8 hrs on two evenings) – <b>Spotted hyena</b> (6), <b>lion</b> (4), <b>Cape Porcupine</b> (1), <b>Cape Fox</b> (2), <b>Black Rhino</b> (2), <b>Cape Hare</b> (sev). Much quieter than Okaukuejo but fantastically exciting nonetheless.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Erongo</span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />I loved this place and think it has great potential. The Conservancy (gated and well policed) is doing well I believe and they have recently introduced White Rhino here. We stayed at the Mara, opposite the expensive Erongo Wilderness Lodge – nice rooms and a campsite. The owner is really into his mammals and has seen Brown Hyena (Spotted is not here apparently), <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">L</span>eopard etc etc on night drives along the road, and Cheetah in the afternoons. <br />You are free to drive the roads within the conservancy at night. Around five hours of night driving up and down the D2315 and D2316 produced great views of <b>Aardwolf</b> and <b>Bat-eared Fox</b> on the D2316 (rough road), plus <b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">G</span>iraffe</b>, <b>Mountain Zebra</b>, <b>Gemsbok</b>, <b>Common Duiker</b> etc on the D2315. I wish we’d stayed longer and done more free night-driving – lots of predators to see. We didn’t see Black Mongoose.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Cape Cross </b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Our target here was, of course, <b>Brown Hyena</b>. We camped two nights at the Cape Cross Lodge (cold) which was nice. There are other places along the coast but all looked pretty grim. We spent the first dawn overlooking the seal colony fence from the entrance road (from the main road C34) to the lodge (in fact we could see the main gate to the seal sanctuary from our position). No sign, so we spent the next hour driving around not seeing hyenas but seeing lots of jackals. We found lots of brown hyena footprints in various places – especially around seal carcasses on the beach at the first turn off north. Also no sign between 7-10 pm driving and scanning along various roads in the area. The following morning we positioned ourselves before dawn on a rise on the main road at about 210 74’ 26.03 S 130 99’ 25.06. No luck until 15 mins after dawn when one walked right past us – and we followed it up the track towards the crater for 25 mins until it entered the dry river bed at 210 43’ 04.24 S; 130 59’ 59.16 E. Hyenas apparently come to drink at the small trough at the front of the lodge – but it would be a long wait I guess.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Then we drove through Walvis Bay and into the <b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Namib-Naukluft National Park</span></b>, staying at Homeb campsite and visiting the nicer Mirabib, nearby. Plenty of <b>Mountain Zebra </b>and <b>Gem</b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><b>sbok</b>, but f<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ew<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> other mammals of interest. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The gravel plains <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">on the road close to Homeb was the only place I saw Burchell's Courser (<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">group of 12)<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. We were disappointed with </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Sossusvlei</b></span> - <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">crowded and touristy. The area <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">has <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">good numbers </span>of <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">mamma</span>ls<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and looks especially good for mesopredators. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">I</span>t is a shame you need to be out of the p<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ark by <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">nightfall. Within the park, the area <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">where the r<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">oad crosses the river looked great, Dune Lark was easy at the base of the dune near the lookout, and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brown Hyena tracks were seen around the base of Elim Dune.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b>Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park</b></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />We entered the park from Namibia at the Mata Mata border post and had three nights (Nossob then two nights at Twei Riverein – the whole place was heavily booked in August). The area around Nossob is superb, especially for predators – two<b> Cheetah</b> sightings (Twin Palms road was good), <b>Lions</b>, <b>Bat-eared Fox</b> etc. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />An all-nighter at the Nossob waterhole (illuminated until 10 pm and from 4 am – otherwise scanned with a Maglite) was a bit disappointing but nevertheless exciting - <b>Spotted Hyena </b>(2), <b>Lion </b>(2), <b>Cape Fox</b> (2), <b>Spring Hare</b> (1). Anything can turn up here.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Driving within the park from Twei Riverein was sometimes slow but we managed one <b>Leopard</b>, two <b>Cheetah </b>(all five cheetah we saw were females with cubs), <b>Lion</b>, <b>Spotted Hyena</b>, and the only <b>African Wild Cat</b> of the trip (crossed the road near Rooiputs).</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Any further information, please get in touch s.marsden@mmu.ac.uk.</span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-84822487706025600422016-09-09T09:56:00.000+01:002017-09-13T17:48:14.119+01:00Java's mountain forests, and the Asian songbird crisis<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Stu</i><br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I recently returned from a two week visit to Java preparing for some research we hope to get going on the island in the coming months. Much of my time was spent with Bas van Balen, a world authority on birds on the island. First, we have a grant from the Shearwater Foundation to prepare for surveys of seriously endangered birds in and around twelve mountains in West Java. Some of these species, such as Javan Green Magpie and Rufous-fronted Laughingthrush have been hit by habitat loss, but particularly by crazy levels of capture for the cagebird trade. Some of the mountains simply have not been studied for decades and we need to know if some of these highly threatened species (birds but also primates and other taxa) can survive there. We may also be able to identify some potential sites for reintroductions, especially for the magpie. </span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Above: Workshop on bird surveying at Burung Indonesia's Bogor office; Below: Practicing methods at Gunung Gede with Bas van Balen (<i>Photos: Stu</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One of our activities in Bogor was to run a four day training course on bird surveys for staff of Burung, the Indonesian BirdLife partner, and students from University of Indonesia and Bogor Agricultural University. Two days were spent in the classroom, talking about different survey methods and analysis, tackling bird identification issues, and problem-solving of how to get the best out of surveys in difficult and diverse situations. Then we moved to Gunung Gede and put some of these methods into practice for a couple of days. <br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Then attention turned to two PhDs I am <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">hop</span>ing to set up in partnership with Chester Zoo. These concern the huge cagebird trade on the island and its catastrophic effect on wild populations of songbirds. The extent of the problem is laid out in full in <a href="http://orientalbirdclub.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Trade-driven-extinctions.pdf" target="_blank">this Forktail paper by James Eaton, Bas, Nigel Collar and others</a>. It makes quite depressing reading. They tell a story of empty forests, cleared of shamas, and the wholesale loss of leafbirds and other species that really ought to be common across the landscape.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Two species impacted hugely by the cage bird trade: nominate <i>melanopterus </i>Black-winged Starling (left) and Greater Green Leafbird (right)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With Ria Saryanthi from Burung Indonesia I visited a large ‘bird farm’ on the outskirts of Bogor – these commercial captive breeding facilities are springing up across Java. I was expecting a really depressing ‘bird battery farm’ – but this place was rather different. Sure, they bred birds such as Straw-headed Bulbul and White-rumped Sharma (and several parrot and cockatoo species) but this was a well-run business. What was most incredible is the price of some of these birds. A pair of Straw-headed Bulbuls can fetch 45M Rupiah (> US$3,000) while a ‘singer’ (a champion who is used to teach younger birds to sing) can fetch more than $5,000. The troubled White-rumped Sharma regularly fetches $2,000, while a grand champion singer can fetch an astonishing $50,000. <br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What we hope to do is to run two PhDs in parallel – the first will look at factors influencing supply to, and demand for, the bird trade. Its aim is to identify points, people and psychologies that conservationists can target to turn an obvious love of birds in cages into a desire to protect birds in the wild. The second PhD will focus on the Critically Endangered Black-winged Starling, its current pitiful status in the wild and a detailed study of a release programme for the species, perhaps around Cikananga Wildlife Centre. I had some really positive discussions at the centre with Anais Tritto and the centre’s director, Resit Sozer.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anais Tritto checks on starling breeding activity remotely at Cikananga (<i>Photo: Stu</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Finally, I travelled with Bas to visit some key sites on the north coast for Java’s lowland endemics. This included Muara Angke, a fantastic urban nature reserve in bustling Jakarta (which reminded me again of the loss of <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2016/04/pomona-island-ducks-docks-and-urban.html" target="_blank">Manchester’s Pomona island</a>). Depressingly, we failed to see Javan White-eye at a couple of sites around Pamanukan – others have reported it to be getting hard to see in the area. Trappers had been active in the area before our visit, using MP3s of its call to catch whole foraging parties using glue. Individual white-eyes may sell for around $20 each. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-itBeSGy2h0CnrhDsG-7HuTwnqtdob7vojbPPwUzDfNkEB4xa8xNF2PRxLXbuU9H1BzDicHGqb542NWuB4AeNyJNLoDLQmYZnwDuAYgAXomSlcn37Nwz2hQm7FnMwCqp3_FAfcLyNK3JM/s1600/IMG_0952.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-itBeSGy2h0CnrhDsG-7HuTwnqtdob7vojbPPwUzDfNkEB4xa8xNF2PRxLXbuU9H1BzDicHGqb542NWuB4AeNyJNLoDLQmYZnwDuAYgAXomSlcn37Nwz2hQm7FnMwCqp3_FAfcLyNK3JM/s640/IMG_0952.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Habitat for, but without, the Javan White-eye. The species is currently Near threatened but is a sure bet for uplisting (<i>Photo: Stu</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We had better luck at a nearby cement factory where Java Sparrows are able to persist, simply due to the presence of security within the quarry compound. This once ubiquitous species has virtually vanished from the map due to excess trapping. <br /> </span></span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivt-2rplTcdf8daX48JsK71d1A_HEW7gbJyF6avQ-sYOs_UbRO29DMYgB37hLC7inb_UIRMEASLEArGujtj0lNtFW7D5C2fX2XRgFxthlTq7EY7axEhwIbhY8Hec86-NmbojVfGDhDGAMz/s1600/Java+sparrows.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="430" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivt-2rplTcdf8daX48JsK71d1A_HEW7gbJyF6avQ-sYOs_UbRO29DMYgB37hLC7inb_UIRMEASLEArGujtj0lNtFW7D5C2fX2XRgFxthlTq7EY7axEhwIbhY8Hec86-NmbojVfGDhDGAMz/s640/Java+sparrows.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Java Sparrows, protected from trappers by security around a cement factory in Java (<i>Photo: Reza A. Ahmadi</i>)</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">More on these PhDs soon I hope.</span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-36884127786677688692016-07-07T09:12:00.001+01:002016-07-07T09:12:24.493+01:00Monitoring biodiversity on MMU campus<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><i>Posted by Simon Valle, Kosta Tzoulas and Stu</i> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A</span>s part of its <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">award-winning</span> environmental policy, MMU <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ha</span>s committed to enhancing biodiversity on its estate</span>. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/bioblitz-mmu-measuring-biodiversity-at.html">A first series of exploratory 'bio<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">blitze</span>s' were <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">do<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ne by staff, students and local experts</span></span> in 2015 on the Cheshire Campus</a> and in <a href="http://stuartmarsden.blogspot.co.uk/2015/06/the-history-and-natural-history-of-mmus.html">Ryebank Fields</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> -<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> these</span></span> yielded very interesting data on the surprising number of species that can live so close to busy urban settlements. This year, we s<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">tarted our monitoring programme, again with the help of <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">consultants at <a href="http://www.tep.uk.com/" target="_blank">The Environment </a></span><a href="http://www.tep.uk.com/" target="_blank">Partnership</a> and students on the MMU Futures programme.</span> </span><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBkvX0mbEJCP2vMH6FUgpdhj1cW8ZAFgDlHC1ttaeeXhfHZUxJ8JZRdR6oW-KPCLE5ZRz7Hsw69AhIEksfoqm3fFyaVXLB04ZpL-Iny40zMLf6-JUf_fAyhRtztG8QLZ4p4kgXFcDkWYVe/s1600/Birley+fields.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBkvX0mbEJCP2vMH6FUgpdhj1cW8ZAFgDlHC1ttaeeXhfHZUxJ8JZRdR6oW-KPCLE5ZRz7Hsw69AhIEksfoqm3fFyaVXLB04ZpL-Iny40zMLf6-JUf_fAyhRtztG8QLZ4p4kgXFcDkWYVe/s640/Birley+fields.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Students monitor aquatic plants and invertebrates in the newly created wetland at Birley Fields (<i>Photo: Stu</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Our first step was to set up 20 x 20 m monitoring plots<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, pla<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ced at key places within the All Saints, Birley Fields and MMU C<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">h</span>eshire campuses. </span>We then used standardised methods to record a range of different <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">animal and plant groups within the plots - </span></span>trees<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and</span> bushes, terrestrial and aquatic plants, invertebrates such as Ladybirds, lichens, birds, reptiles and mammals).<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> These counts will form the basis of long-term monitoring of biodi<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">versity levels.</span></span></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Badgers were 'caught' on several camera traps at the MMU Cheshire campus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Last year's bioblitz <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">at</span></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">MMU Cheshire</span> Campus <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">suggest</span>ed
the presence of a badger set, as well as signs of water vole presence
(feeding remains, latrines and burrows). In order to confirm this
information a number of camera traps were strategically placed as part
of this year’s survey effort. Although all evidence suggests that the
set may not be in use, the presence of badgers has been documented in
several areas of the campus. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Camera traps have proved useful to document the presence of other species otherwise difficult to survey (e.g. fox), whereas for more numerous species like rabbits and grey squirrels they provide a useful index of occurrence (i.e. encounter rate) that can be used as a proxy their occurrence over the years. </span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The presence of kingfishers <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">was</span> confirmed along the wetland habitats of <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">MMU<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> Cheshire</span></span> Campus<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span> </span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6PFB9Kgjg2ek-tKhId2XIC8PWK-Hij8_Vw2dCVj6QK3yERKj3tVyYQJyEi_bbKoqqME8W0mgFBVaVHjEb1cGKgCuNrweB5ga27v-V7AFAUUjUbWDYBgcXw7euONnTk8nkxQImNKp4q7qK/s1600/Common_kingfisher+LAITCHE.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="466" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6PFB9Kgjg2ek-tKhId2XIC8PWK-Hij8_Vw2dCVj6QK3yERKj3tVyYQJyEi_bbKoqqME8W0mgFBVaVHjEb1cGKgCuNrweB5ga27v-V7AFAUUjUbWDYBgcXw7euONnTk8nkxQImNKp4q7qK/s640/Common_kingfisher+LAITCHE.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Kingfisher, a fantastic bird to have on MMU's estate (<i>Photo: Laitche</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A relatively new UK species of bumblebee, <i>Bombus hypnorum</i>, was recorded both on Birley Fields and Crewe campuses. First recorded in Britain in 2001, this species has been, and still is, rapidly colonising the UK. In Manchester, moth specialist Dr Emma Coulthard has found over 20 individuals of the Diamond-back Moth (<i>Plutella xylostella</i>) which is a migratory species and can come in huge numbers depending on the weather events in the Mediterranean. </span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Vegetation surveys in the Birley Fields showed that, although the campus hosts a limited number of species, it has an impressive structural and micro-habitat variety for an urban environment.</span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Sampling invertebrates in All Saints Park with the help of Paul Chipman and a ladder <i>(Photo: Stu</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">We thank our friends from </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.tep.uk.com/">The Environment Partnership </a>(TEP)<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">MMU staff</span></span>, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.mmu.ac.uk/environment/" target="_blank">MMU's Environment Team</a> for making it possible</span> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">for us to</span> set up a scientifically rigorous survey framework which will be used in the years to come to monitor species and inform management decisions across MMU's estate.</span><br />
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Simon Vallehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17683805408434096358noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-80278933947719883052016-07-01T09:10:00.000+01:002016-07-08T19:02:09.329+01:00A new Viper for Europe - already Endangered<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Stu</i><br /><br />It is not every day that a new vertebrate is described from Europe. In a new paper published in <i>Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research</i>, Samuele Ghielmi and Michele Menegon (<i>MUSE - Museo delle Scienze, Trento</i>), Lorenzo Laddaga (<i>Museo di Scienze, Domodossola</i>), Sylvain Ursenbacher (<i>University of Basel</i>) and Stu talk about the ‘discovery’, morphology, genetics and conservation of <i>Vipera walser</i>, a new viper species from the north-western Italian Alps.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In 2005, Samuele Ghielmi noticed something odd about adders and lizards in the north-western Italian Alps. First, there was a population of European Adder <i>Vipera berus</i> in the area that was disjunct from <i>V. berus</i> populations in the rest of Europe. More intriguing was that within this area, the Common Lizard <i>Zootoca vivipara</i>, one of the adder’s main prey items over much of its European range, was replaced by <i>Zootoca carniolica</i>, its ancestral oviparous (egg-laying) sister species. This observation sparked a morphological and genetic study which led to the naming of <i>Vipera walser</i>. </span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The beast - variation in individuals of <i>Vipera walser</i> sp. nov. Adult males (left) and adult females (right). </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><i>Vipera walser</i> sp. Nov.</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />The new species is remarkably distinct genetically from both <i>V. berus</i> and other vipers occurring in western Europe. It shows closer affinities to <i>V. darevskii</i> and <i>V. kaznakovi</i>, species occurring in the Caucasus as well as to the widespread Meadow Viper <i>V. ursinii </i>complex. Morphologically, the new species appears to be more similar to <i>V. berus</i> than to its closest relatives occurring in the Caucasus, but can be readily distinguished in most cases by a combination of meristic features such as number of crown, loreal and periocular scales.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Phylogenetic tree showing position of <i>Vipera walser</i>, and relationships with other Vipera species. </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Already Endangered</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />My own main interest in the new viper is in its conservation. The species is extremely range-restricted (< 500 sq. km) and occurs only in two disjunct sites within the high rainfall valleys of the Alps north of Biella. We recommend that the new species should be classified as globally ‘<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">E</span>ndangered’ due to its small and fragmented range, and an inferred population decline (Red List criteria B1a/B2a). The other species closely related to <i>walser </i>are also either Endangered (<i>V. kaznakovi</i>) or Critically Endangered (<i>V. darevskii</i>) so the entire clade is in serious danger of being lost.<br /><br />The new viper appears to be quite common in suitable habitat within its range. We need detailed studies of the species’ precise habitat requirements, to determine how past and current land use changes have affected the species, and how they might be altered to benefit the species in the near future. The species appears to inhabit open areas, often with rocky outcrops, and may not tolerate woodland unless it is very sparse. European mountains experienced a long period of agropastoral expansion from the Late Middle Ages to the 19th century, with large areas of the Alps converted to pasture and heathlands. These open landscapes were presumably beneficial for <i>V. walser</i>. However, the decline in agropastoral activities in the last 100 years and associated afforestation is probably the biggest threat to the species. Other immediate threats are culling and collection of specimens by enthusiasts.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Habitat of <i>Vipera walser</i> sp. nov</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Longer term, the ability of <i>V. walser</i> to withstand or adapt to climatic change expected to take place within its range will be crucial. Its current habitat is restricted to just a few valleys, which experience some of the highest rainfall in the Alps. Climate models indicate that in the next 20 years, these valleys will become far wetter and warmer. Research on how the viper might be able to react to climate change is a priority.</span></span><br />
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-78769236528520374342016-06-12T12:41:00.001+01:002016-06-12T12:42:42.463+01:00Better forest 'simply' means more frugivores<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Stu</i><br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We think our paper, just published in <i>Forest Ecology & Management</i>, has quite an important message, and one that should be encouraging, even in an archipelago with so little forest remaining and so many threatened species.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The study was part of Carmela Espanola’s PhD here at MMU<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and supervised by Nigel Collar, Aldrin Mallari and myself</span>. She and her team walked around 500 km of transects, at 24 sites on the Philippine island of Luzon, looking for large avian frugivores. The target species included large pigeons, hornbills and parrots – birds crucial to proper functioning of forests in the tropics. If these seed dispersing birds disappear or become ‘functionally extinct’ then we might expect serious consequences for the health of forests.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">The Imperial pigeons <i>Ducula </i>are key seed dispersers in southeast Asia's forests (<i>Photo: Christine E. Telesforo</i>) </span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">What we did was to relate the presence of the different species to a series of habitat predictors, recorded at over 1,200 plots along the transects – these included things like altitude, canopy cover, and other indications of the quality of the forest. Basically, we asked what the difference was between plots that contained the frugivore species and those where the species was not found.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">Survival for species like this Luzon Bleeding-heart is not just a matter of finding suitable habitat, but also avoiding hunting or capture (<i>Photo: Carmela Espanola</i>)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Our first finding was not <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">so </span>surprising - Frugivore species richness was highest in forest with large-girthed trees. But more interesting was that some small-scale agricultural disturbance was tolerated or even favoured by some species. World birders will know well this pattern – low intensity use of forests, which could be a little logging, or especially the creation of small mixed gardens within the forest, can be very good spots to see frugivorous birds. Importantly, our study showed that frugivore richness was highest in forests on flat ground, areas which are usually the first to be converted to agriculture. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwN-Ipx3LCEzDvwpGV8hYddu7kV9Dw0npjtAPsYxo6rtpNfyI6r3K-tG6qS_c85_xUiG_ydRthrUUe6nxIhVJkG4k_amt1gEBLoFSQGqEVbqABlrsR-unBNDOeOVYWrqOTCld_LKV09Jla/s1600/White-eared+Brown-dove_Pablo+Espanola.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhwN-Ipx3LCEzDvwpGV8hYddu7kV9Dw0npjtAPsYxo6rtpNfyI6r3K-tG6qS_c85_xUiG_ydRthrUUe6nxIhVJkG4k_amt1gEBLoFSQGqEVbqABlrsR-unBNDOeOVYWrqOTCld_LKV09Jla/s640/White-eared+Brown-dove_Pablo+Espanola.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">White-eared Brown-dove can tolerate seriously degraded forest, but still prefers good forest on Luzon (<i>Photo: Pablo Espanola</i>)</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />But I think the most important aspect of the study was our attempt to find non-linearities and other complexities in frugivore presence and richness responses along the habitat quality gradient. I, for one, felt sure that we would find some places along the disturbance gradient where there would be sudden rises in frugivore abundance – and, that in turn, management could be targeted at these points to gain disproportionate benefits for wildlife.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrwslzSYY_LGW0bh2fLpO6-ARRiQgDyFwnn7tMj448in-qOl9lRDowSKQUHqQJPfQ6_LPvxMeaDg8qpr3JwSn8jOGGGKh_I92hNbj-bXPkaxTccWqIGcoo9hPDxUIjjpt0LSqfV9OC-v7T/s1600/gradient.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrwslzSYY_LGW0bh2fLpO6-ARRiQgDyFwnn7tMj448in-qOl9lRDowSKQUHqQJPfQ6_LPvxMeaDg8qpr3JwSn8jOGGGKh_I92hNbj-bXPkaxTccWqIGcoo9hPDxUIjjpt0LSqfV9OC-v7T/s640/gradient.png" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;">The forest disturbance gradient - importantly, we found linear increases in frugivore richness along this gradient.</span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We did not find that – rather, the probability of occurrence increased linearly along the forest quality/restoration gradient. While the precise benefits in terms of seed dispersal, and costs of management, at different points along the quality/restoration gradient are likely to be themselves complex, avian frugivores benefit proportionately from step improvements right along the gradient. Thus, any actions to improve forest quality on Luzon, from reforesting the most degraded lands to preventing degradation of relatively healthy forests, are likely to benefit frugivores. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Carmela's PhD was funded by Loro Par<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">que Fundacion. She now lectures at University of the Philippines.</span></i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span> </i></span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-90620132893006502082016-05-27T09:44:00.001+01:002016-05-27T14:16:36.207+01:00Wildfowl demography research - golden goose or lame duck?<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Beth Roberts and Stu</i><br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The identification of research biases is vital in order to stem the current rate of biodiversity loss. Such identification will help to focus future research, thereby maximising its impact. In our new paper, just published in PLOS ONE (</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0153908" target="_blank">View paper here</a></span></span>), </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Beth, Ed Harris (MMU), Geoff Hilton (WWT) and Stu </span></span>investigate the taxonomic and geographic biases in wildfowl demographic research, and devise a simple metric that will help to focus research attention <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">t</span>o <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">'plug the gaps' most <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">effectively</span></span>.<br /> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0153908" target="_blank"></a><br /><b>Identifying the biases</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />We conducted a systematic review of the published research data. First, we used strict criteria to search through two commonly used databases - Web of Knowledge and Google Scholar - for papers relating to wildfowl demography. Our review involved the screening of over 8,000 papers using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Of those papers, 1,586 met the search criteria. Following the screening, we proceeded to identify, in each paper: which demographic measures were recorded; the subject species; and the country of study.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgHYXeWv28IaSirorYOeVYTv6hc73Un1Ld2SmmXmE_iRZlh3E-mJnQGiWC6HUad1MCBAkY-3X5jLfVjtamGx-sCBEWX-87ZfAzXOj6n_COlQ-AuiCNv574YazS9iab0Bef-aQn7qZ2iti5/s1600/Pintail%252C_Northern_04.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="376" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgHYXeWv28IaSirorYOeVYTv6hc73Un1Ld2SmmXmE_iRZlh3E-mJnQGiWC6HUad1MCBAkY-3X5jLfVjtamGx-sCBEWX-87ZfAzXOj6n_COlQ-AuiCNv574YazS9iab0Bef-aQn7qZ2iti5/s640/Pintail%252C_Northern_04.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The majority of demographic information for wildfowl is concentrated on just a handful of species. Best-studied is the Mallard, but Pintail <i>Anas acuta</i>, the second best-studied taxon, is far better looking (<i>Photo: Dick Daniels</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We discovered significant research biases, with North America and Europe dominating the research output; species found in those regions accounted for over 90% of the research outputs. In addition, we found that over half (55%) of the research output concerned just 15 species from seven genera.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;">Geographical bias in wildfowl demography studies - little research has focused on the tropics. </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Further, when we examined the distribution of research outputs across threat categories, we found that threatened species were poorly studied. Our research revealed that there were 21 species with no demographic research output at all, seven of which are globally threatened: the Critically Endangered Pink-headed Duck (Rhodonessa caryophyllacea) and Baer’s Pochard (Aythya baeri); the Endangered Campbell Teal (Anas nesiotis); and the Vulnerable White-headed Steamerduck (Tachyeres leucocephalus), Southern Pintail (Anas eatoni), Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica), and Swan Goose (Anser cygnoides).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br />Importantly, a task force has now been initiated to gather records and carry out survey work on the <a href="http://www.eaaflyway.net/our-activities/task-forces/baers-pochard-task-force/" target="_blank">Baer’s Pochard</a>. The <a href="https://philippineduckproject.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">Philippine Duck Project</a> has also been started to gather abundance and demographic information. </span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: serif;">T</span>he future for Baer’s Pochard <i>Aythya baeri</i> is bleak indeed (<i>Photo: Graham Clarkson, WWT</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Redressing the imbalance in research</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Our aim was to provide a tool for the conservation community to prioritise and address these research gaps, using measures of research output, threat status and the availability of potentially useful surrogate information from congeneric species. According to the metric, the 25 highest priority species include thirteen threatened taxa and nine species each from Asia and South America, and six from Africa. </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">For
example, the Blue-winged Goose is classified as Vulnerable, has a
restricted range (being found in the highlands of Ethiopia) and has no
conspecific species. Our paper exposes the need to examine research gaps
not just in isolation, but in conjunction with threat status.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJ05dHXk28H_4OnP6Lsg6bEy_cI8XNQ4GCeDy-YXZ6HK5bgmfqQaO1-eTpf-8VyvmVO_j53D_EKN0B8I8IASiKIqOZwhuHGOINf0woRlhyphenhyphen7oFuM9Za-SXxMXYuySiEcKFTsrhFFmDplqt/s1600/BW+goose.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVJ05dHXk28H_4OnP6Lsg6bEy_cI8XNQ4GCeDy-YXZ6HK5bgmfqQaO1-eTpf-8VyvmVO_j53D_EKN0B8I8IASiKIqOZwhuHGOINf0woRlhyphenhyphen7oFuM9Za-SXxMXYuySiEcKFTsrhFFmDplqt/s640/BW+goose.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "times" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Ethiopian highland endemic Blue-winged Goose <i>Cyanochen cyanoptera</i> (<i>Photo: Rod Williams, WWT</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<br />Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-52919184271042387092016-04-22T00:20:00.000+01:002016-04-23T13:10:57.464+01:00Pomona Island: ducks, docks and urban greenspace<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Stu and James Walsh </i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In this post published on Earth Day 2016, Stu and James Walsh, Mancunian birder and e<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">colog</span>ist,
talk about the past, present and future of Pomona Island – a small
patch of Open Mosaic Habitat nestled in a sea of redevelopment at
Salford Docks. The island may be small, but has a big history, and
important presen<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">ce</span> for wildlife and recreation, and a <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">very</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> un</span>certain future.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjssbc-1NMp6kUlRCjKA0iP_oSI4Lwdk-kUjRm0GN_tNDXld4enGIITw9WtH-XLXHUCn67DfjyVWNUTNUiiySCiZrT52F8RFRZcMZpLrWi1nDATKsg9rVL1oNf6rwPz1zXWvDwvxeSZpSoW/s1600/firstview.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjssbc-1NMp6kUlRCjKA0iP_oSI4Lwdk-kUjRm0GN_tNDXld4enGIITw9WtH-XLXHUCn67DfjyVWNUTNUiiySCiZrT52F8RFRZcMZpLrWi1nDATKsg9rVL1oNf6rwPz1zXWvDwvxeSZpSoW/s640/firstview.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Above: Pomona Island habitat (Photo: Stu), Below: The island and surrounds (Google Earth) </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>Disappearing ducks</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Stu has, for many years, had a special affection for the area around Salford Docks (Port of Manchester). In the late 1990s, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">He </span>did a two-year research project on the large flocks of Pochard <i>Aythya ferina</i> and Tufted Duck <i>A. fuligula</i>
that used to feed at the turning basin at Salford. Up to 3-4,000 diving
ducks used to congregate at night on the docks and at Pomona – to feed
on chironomids (bloodworms), Oligochaete worms and other
pollution-tolerant invertebrates (Marsden & Bellamy 2000). When
disturbed during the day, they would fly to quieter spots such as
Chorlton Water Park and Rostherne Mere (Marsden 2000).</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ_elT-vLi682udEVh1TjFLQ_KoZqZlTZJS9ce2xCZjot2yoZ5TCfMM5CK9K3KCO3Dxgea2yd6DkkJBjO-6qcuIDIqzNzCQJthqUjRj16U6UYwOqLTYfXraZ4GyBw1Y1lOv9JLh5YdZBQ0/s1600/DSC04265.JPG" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ_elT-vLi682udEVh1TjFLQ_KoZqZlTZJS9ce2xCZjot2yoZ5TCfMM5CK9K3KCO3Dxgea2yd6DkkJBjO-6qcuIDIqzNzCQJthqUjRj16U6UYwOqLTYfXraZ4GyBw1Y1lOv9JLh5YdZBQ0/s640/DSC04265.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pomona and surrounding development (<i>Photo: Stu</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDapbya61fj1ULK5NYYm2oi8JOkGHd-zm8e6p-mYmauAugvCTrcexug9NKJSu0Rpu7kw0NUq6R9GrVPqDfI1IXNdOs5__UHWEx3Td7mK_Wk3PyH7ji2QLmn75Lg5Lu0KuiJp_K69LFZAYS/s1600/1280px-Aythya_ferina_Welney_2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiDapbya61fj1ULK5NYYm2oi8JOkGHd-zm8e6p-mYmauAugvCTrcexug9NKJSu0Rpu7kw0NUq6R9GrVPqDfI1IXNdOs5__UHWEx3Td7mK_Wk3PyH7ji2QLmn75Lg5Lu0KuiJp_K69LFZAYS/s640/1280px-Aythya_ferina_Welney_2.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Large numbers of Pochard (above) and Tufted Duck used to feed at night at the docks (<i>Photo: pyntofmyld)</i></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Despite
the site being one of the UK’s most important for Pochard, and by far
Greater Manchester’s most important wildlife phenomenon, the ducks were
forgotten, and the docks developed. Now, just a handful of diving<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> duck</span>s
use the site due to increased disturbance levels from quayside
developments, but more importantly due to improvements to water quality
at the site. Ironically, while Pochard was doing well in the 1980s and
1990s making their loss no big deal, the species has just been uplisted
to Globally Vulnerable according to the IUCN Red List. What a sorry
state for the bird to be in – and it makes me wonder what if the
redevelopment at Salford were taking place now? Would it be so easy to
ignore such important numbers of a globally threatened bird species on
the site? Probably. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>Past Pomona</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Now,
almost the whole of Salford Docks/quays has been redeveloped. But one
tiny portion remains undeveloped for the moment. Pomona Island is a
patch of ‘<a href="http://www.biodiversityplanningtoolkit.com/" target="_blank">Open Mosaic Habitat on Previously Developed Land</a>’
to give it its proper title, an important mostly urban land use rich in
biodiversity. Pomona island is a human-made island, bordering Pomona
docks, the site where ship carrying Guiness and less important cargos
unloaded from the Manchester Ship Canal’s opening in 1894 to its
effective closure in 1982. </span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgddR2tF605xuL-1t9xMRt5ptgFYzHMoBbQRiuhMKpFPuv89Psbfoiu0XtTxn0ERMXy143DhEvKQ05GXt84Zccw4dC8OYbiOS49mGyYsEhwtPa6h5AceRE44TQks4HzYkD3oyoRTyhHruvF/s1600/20104521130_af44d5da39_b.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="385" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgddR2tF605xuL-1t9xMRt5ptgFYzHMoBbQRiuhMKpFPuv89Psbfoiu0XtTxn0ERMXy143DhEvKQ05GXt84Zccw4dC8OYbiOS49mGyYsEhwtPa6h5AceRE44TQks4HzYkD3oyoRTyhHruvF/s640/20104521130_af44d5da39_b.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFv_rxGH9Lr62X4TVRgedxVZtRrCYqj8n6X2tAIJUadOpxS-LahrVR9JAccZt6T5VEy6gd5_45AIrT1AnYylAOrl1DaDt38B8K2rg6KqHqg0EGvldJWim9MoUSedJ1kxV953B9K9uPeTzA/s1600/pomona%252Bpalace.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFv_rxGH9Lr62X4TVRgedxVZtRrCYqj8n6X2tAIJUadOpxS-LahrVR9JAccZt6T5VEy6gd5_45AIrT1AnYylAOrl1DaDt38B8K2rg6KqHqg0EGvldJWim9MoUSedJ1kxV953B9K9uPeTzA/s640/pomona%252Bpalace.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The
island has a long and important history – in the 1830s, it was home to
the ‘Pomona Pleasure Gardens’, a playground for Manchester and Salford’s
growing upper classes. Then in the 1860s, the 30,000 capacity Pomona
Palace was added. This was a major venue for social events and political
rallies – Benjamin Disraeli spoke to a vast crowd here in 1869. There
is some wonderful information on the island’s history<a href="http://www.theskyliner.org/pomona-palace/" target="_blank"> <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">here</span> </a>and a great film about the place by George Haydock <a href="http://www.theskyliner.org/pomona-island-on-film/" target="_blank">here</a>.<br /><br /><b>Present Pomona</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />In
the mid-eighteenth century, the Pomona Pleasure Gardens were a huge
draw for the people of south Manchester who came in large numbers for
fresh air, entertainment, and green space. Looking down on the site now,
it is again an oasis, the only green space left among the sea of
redevelopment. Walking around the island recently with James Walsh and
staff from MMU really brought home the beauty of the place, along with
its importance for wildlife.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTt37VaC06YX7bVWoJWJokfvSMnYZVJ9f3bZR6BGfYFxBvIzozLVd0FiIp_C-dY32UthSdz3_AKt75YbQA59fbHbpTb9QVfQrdWgNzI14Y8h1cuNeDEaiw7g2FuoKIPAazsUpUtFuEO7ws/s1600/Common_spotted_orchid_-_Dactylorhiza_fuchsii_%252811728330086%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTt37VaC06YX7bVWoJWJokfvSMnYZVJ9f3bZR6BGfYFxBvIzozLVd0FiIp_C-dY32UthSdz3_AKt75YbQA59fbHbpTb9QVfQrdWgNzI14Y8h1cuNeDEaiw7g2FuoKIPAazsUpUtFuEO7ws/s640/Common_spotted_orchid_-_Dactylorhiza_fuchsii_%252811728330086%2529.jpg" width="425" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Common spotted orchid <i>Dactylorhiza fuchsia</i> (<i>Photo: S.Björn</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Around 1<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">5</span>0
plant species have so far been recorded at the site – including, of
course, many introduced species, but also some interesting species such
as Bee Orchid, and Northern Marsh and Common Spotted Orchids. A<a href="https://thenorthernspring.wordpress.com/2015/07/28/pomona-flora-list/" target="_blank"> list of plants recorded</a> is available online<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">. </span>The site looks to have excellent potential for butterflies and moths, and Bee numbers at <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Pomona are extremely high</span>. <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">S</span>urveys of various faunal groups might throw up a few surprises. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrmtLIRIQQQAD2bIMOlPkdKYVSrbYTkuvO21Aslq2T4SRF5wGFIxCpLZfHrRWPEp-BNWiOv3YqqNbEPeX8hFYOy2wiIwIusHigJHpDFkCQQ1HA7GuO_bt4O1AEamUSLOsb7DOIQm_Y1kdH/s1600/wheatear.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrmtLIRIQQQAD2bIMOlPkdKYVSrbYTkuvO21Aslq2T4SRF5wGFIxCpLZfHrRWPEp-BNWiOv3YqqNbEPeX8hFYOy2wiIwIusHigJHpDFkCQQ1HA7GuO_bt4O1AEamUSLOsb7DOIQm_Y1kdH/s400/wheatear.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Above: Wheatear, a common Spring migrant on the island, Below: the Schedule 1 breeding Little Ringed Plover (<i>Photos:</i><span style="line-height: 115%;"><i> James
Walsh @MancunianBirder</i>)</span></span></span> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It is the site’s birds which are <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">b</span>est known, mainly thanks to the efforts of James<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> and a committed group of community ecologists</span>.
More than 125 species have so far been found at the site. These include
lots of nice migrant records including Osprey, Jack Snipe, Whinchat,
nine warbler species, and lots of spring Wheatears. But it is the bird
species that are in general decline across the country that are most
welcome at Pomona – Snipe, Lapwing, Skylark, Reed Bunting etc. The site
houses 50 pairs of Sand Martins on the dock walls, and is also home to
the Schedule 1 breeder, Little Ringed Plover. A <a href="https://mancunianbirder.wordpress.com/2015/10/23/world-heritage-group-publishes-official-pomona-bird-list/" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">current</span> list of birds</a> recorded is on James' blog<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">.</span> <br /><br /><b>Future Pomona</b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">The
island has, for many years, remained undeveloped. Now, however, it
seems that just about the last green/brown space at the docks is to <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">disappear. In November 2015, </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">the controversial Pomona Island plan was discussed at Trafford Town Hall<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> (for live <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">coverage</span> from the meeting which reads more like commentary from a boxing match than a planning application debate see <a href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/live-pomona-island-development-plans-10436083" target="_blank">Todd Fi</a><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><a href="http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/greater-manchester-news/live-pomona-island-development-plans-10436083" target="_blank">tzgerald's <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">piece</span></a>. Like most <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">bout</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">s, t</span>here was only ever going to be one winner<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">, and that was housing development - <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">w</span>hich has started already at the <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">no<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">rtheast</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> of the site. Of course, <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">the city needs <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">homes, but the Salford Docks area has <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">al</span>ready worked very hard for the Northern Powerhouse, to the extent that th<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">e island</span> is all that's left undeveloped.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">There is such a strong recognition now that urban nature reserves are <a href="http://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/10/08/urban-protected-areas-important-for-urban-people-important-for-nature-conservation-globally/" target="_blank">fantastically important</a>
- every swan and butterfly within them is so much more important than
their rural cousins because they are experienced by so many people.</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span>Many cities around the world are reaping benefits from their <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">mini-reserves - </span>Toronto has <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">t</span>he Humber Bay Park, Buenos Aires<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> the</span> fantastic Costanera Sur Ecological Reserve.<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> These cities point</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> the way towards where Pomona could have gone, and <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">many believe it might be <a href="https://savepomona.wordpress.com/" target="_blank">an opportunity lost.</a></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"> </span></span></span></span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz2naEW1evTgMNMgRPvdTfzOs9HG6r34bdDPWBQ8peM7To5BsToD_fD3hyphenhyphenMsjemKKH5J4eK7rXbIL4APzGWNe6bVTKEuNVWzocARsP2ok-aU0Lk0vHo_Sk9MpDX5ViY0Ig-o4uUVWw36g_/s1600/uh.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgz2naEW1evTgMNMgRPvdTfzOs9HG6r34bdDPWBQ8peM7To5BsToD_fD3hyphenhyphenMsjemKKH5J4eK7rXbIL4APzGWNe6bVTKEuNVWzocARsP2ok-aU0Lk0vHo_Sk9MpDX5ViY0Ig-o4uUVWw36g_/s640/uh.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Save Pomona (Artwork: Liz Ackerley)</span></span></td></tr>
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">P</span>erhaps most frustrating for <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">us</span> t<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">wo Mancunians</span></span> is th<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">at at a<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">lmost the exact moment that the first bulldozers start work on our island, London opens </span></span>the <a href="http://www.woodberrywetlands.org.uk/" target="_blank">Woodb<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">er</span>ry Wetlands <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">R</span>eserve</a>. Woodb<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">er</span>ry Wet<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">la</span>nds is <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">an </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">urban nature haven, centred on an old reservoir in North London - just a little further from <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Arsenal's Emirates Stadium than Pomo<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">na is from Old Trafford.</span></span></span></span> </span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Kf1K3wnydEFHTrv6w5l1ziRcc-RD5EXhEmwwrJyHgYFL-JV_Q8DrlYMjbTMFoqxUHKJNid5EonrKobQ_tDEu-XNKEeI63T4FuYJo5eKWAUSu_XwgFShh8FEl5lgk5OewB_QXS_E6b96j/s1600/alternative.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="534" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh0Kf1K3wnydEFHTrv6w5l1ziRcc-RD5EXhEmwwrJyHgYFL-JV_Q8DrlYMjbTMFoqxUHKJNid5EonrKobQ_tDEu-XNKEeI63T4FuYJo5eKWAUSu_XwgFShh8FEl5lgk5OewB_QXS_E6b96j/s640/alternative.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Alternative ideas for Pomona Island</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> Pomona
is, most believe, a lost opportunity to create a world class nature
reserve/tourism attraction, but there are some who are optimistic that
the situation can be turned around, and that the science, business and
political communities can find a solution that is beneficial to
wildlife. Protection of Sand Martin nesting walls, creation of green
roofs and saving just a small area of habitat as a nature reserve would
be a big victory for the environment and the people of Manchester, the
European City Of Science 2016. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>References</b></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Marsden, S. J. (2000). Impact of disturbance on waterfowl wintering in a UK dockland redevelopment area. <i>Environmental Management</i> 26: 207-213.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Marsden,
S. J. & Bellamy, G. S. (2000). Microhabitat characteristics of
feeding sites used by diving duck Aythya wintering on the grossly
polluted Manchester Ship Canal, UK. <i>Environmental Conservation</i> 27: 278-283.</span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-14885484098938154282016-04-15T11:15:00.001+01:002016-04-15T13:32:56.597+01:00Philippines protected areas protecting?<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Stu and Aldrin Mallari </i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In a paper published in the April issue of the journal <i>Ambio</i>, Aldrin Mallari, Nigel Collar, Phil McGowan and Stu look critically at placement and management of protected areas in the Philippines – and ask whether they are doing an effective job at delivering protection.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Aichi Target 11 of the Convention on Biological Diversity urges that nations protect at least 17% of their land, and that protection is effective and targets areas of importance for biodiversity. So, as well as covering a ‘reasonable’ proportion of a nation’s land surface, a quite hard-and-on-the-face-of-it-simple measure of a country’s commitment to conservation, the target also requires that<br /><br />- <i>Those national parks etc are in the right places. We know that protected areas have a tendency to be placed in areas which don’t really need protection – ‘rock and Ice’ parks </i>(Joppa & Pfaff 2009).<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">- <i>Protected areas do actually do their job in delivering protection to key wildlife – they are not ‘paper parks’</i> (e.g. Di Minin & Toivonen 2009).</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Five years before reporting on Aichi targets is due, we assessed the Philippines’ current protected area system for biodiversity coverage, appropriateness of management regimes and capacity to deliver protection. Although protected estate already covers 11% of the Philippines’ land area, 64% of its Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) remain unprotected.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMwDgil4nVA9Ha6A_zFp8ExQ3zyUu8AK_W6PBqsOuOVp0ugdzHBJTo7Lw3cXj-Z8m_AhFNMVao6FrtRp-ZKfypsX0tcRSs-h_Bn4BizMYlqxU-smO9VSEqdaM4A2NtZIkhQXp2fLoRCIeX/s1600/bleedingheart.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMwDgil4nVA9Ha6A_zFp8ExQ3zyUu8AK_W6PBqsOuOVp0ugdzHBJTo7Lw3cXj-Z8m_AhFNMVao6FrtRp-ZKfypsX0tcRSs-h_Bn4BizMYlqxU-smO9VSEqdaM4A2NtZIkhQXp2fLoRCIeX/s640/bleedingheart.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mindanao bleeding-heart <i>Gallicolumba crinigera</i> is one of many lowland forest specialists in Philippines. This one was found in a snare 200 m from the HQ at </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Rajah Sikatuna National Park, Bohol (<i>Photo: Stu</i>). </span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />We asked two broad questions of the Philippines protected areas network:<br /><br />1. Are PAs appropriately positioned to protect areas of particular importance for biodiversity?<br /><br />2. Are management systems in place and is there adequate capacity in the current protected area system to enable them to function effectively?</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Puerto Princesa Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park in Palawan (<i>Photo: Dave Lee</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The answer to the first question is, we believe, ‘No’.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />While a good proportion of Philippines land area falls within protected areas, there is only a 36% overlap between established <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">protected area</span>s and KBAs (Key Biodiversity Areas – those with the most important species) meaning that 64% of key areas remain unprotected. This shortfall is particularly apparent in small islands like Siquijor (100% unprotected), the Sulus (98%), Batanes/Babuyanes and Greater Negros/Panay (both 75% unprotected).<br /><br />When we look within a selection of protected areas, we find that there is a mismatch between what is needed to protect key species, and what the protected areas actually protect. The majority of threatened species in Philippines depend on lowland forest – of 40 IUCN threatened bird species, 33 are found only below 1,500 m a.s.l. while 29 are ‘highly forest dependent’. The proportion of strictly protected land that covers lowland primary forest is low – at best 30%, and in some cases none at all.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Mount Apo National Park on Mindanao - </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">a
beleaguered <span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">protected area</span> due to pressure to convert forest to banana
plantations and human habitation</span></span> (<i>Photo: Aldrin Mallari</i>).</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The answer to the second question is, again ‘No’.<br /><br />Only around 17% of protected areas have a proper management plan and a protected area management board to guide their protection activities. Annual budgets to protect are pitiful in some cases – less than one US$10 per Sq Km in some parks (see Table below). Interestingly, in all five parks looked at, regular ‘BMS’ monitoring data were collected by park staff, but no analysis has been done on all these data.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />Through the assistance of the German Government (through the Protected Area Management Effectiveness Project and other similar projects of GIZ) and the USAID (through B+WISER), the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has started to recognise these mismatches and have taken bold moves to rectify the situation. </span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Protected areas management planning (Photo: Aldrin Mallari).</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The current list of protected areas are being rationalised, management plans are being revised, new and improved management systems are being set up, capacity of management authorities are being enhanced either by skills upgrade and/or additional budget allocations. The system of monitoring of protected areas are currently being improved by using simplified, state of the art, spatially sensitive, mobile technology to complement the existing BMS system. We are thrilled to see more of these positive changes in future, and hope to see continued bilateral support to DENR towards an expanded and more effective network of protected areas in the country!</span></span><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Mentoring of wildlife patrol staff (<i>Photo: Aldrin Mallari</i>).</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>References</b><br /><br />Di Minin, E. & Toivonen, T. (2009). Global Protected Area Expansion: Creating More than Paper Parks. <i>Bioscience </i>65: 637-638.<br /><br />Joppa, L.N. & Pfaff, A. (2009). High and Far: Biases in the Location of Protected Areas. <i>PLOS One</i> http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008273</span></span>Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-58105510592085320562016-01-04T15:40:00.001+00:002016-01-05T08:38:11.298+00:00Parrots International Symposium, and Intervales birds<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i> Posted by Stu</i></span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In November, I visited Brazil for the first time in more than ten years. My principal reason for the visit was to speak at the ninth Parrots International Symposium, in Campo Grande. <a href="http://parrotsinternational.org/" target="_blank">Parrots International</a> (PI) is a US-based NGO, founded by Marie and Mark Stafford, and devoted to welfare of both companion parrots and parrots in the wild. They are involved in funding and running <a href="http://www.parrotsinternational.org/projectslist/index.html." target="_blank">a whole range of projects on wild parrots</a>. </span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A major activity of PI is the organisation of an annual parrot symposium, in 2015 held for the first time outside of USA. Simon Valle spoke at the PI symposium in 2013 about his Grey Parrot project on Principe – this time I was there to talk about our Grey Parrot work in general across several African countries. Also speaking were Neiva Guedes (Instituto Arara Azul), Pepe Tella (Estacion Biologica de Doñana), Tom White (USFWS), Indira Lacerna-Widman (Katala Foundation), and Thomas Arndt (Funds for Endangered Parrots). </span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A pair of Blue-and-yellow Macaws <i>Ara ararauna </i>on streetlights in Campo Grande (<i>Photo: Peter Widman</i>)</span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIUCZFWJv2U5nMPieXB9lJ97zAIxbXe_F4SzKCLKn25vcKphsh195wW0wz94JddQV0zZMxzJhyphenhyphenI92zCSiG7DpceyT7WY2Gk6DIiQRfgDdYMLPEez3whHD3eCj4994HPUDdMcDhFMVjZJ4X/s1600/BYM+Take+off.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiIUCZFWJv2U5nMPieXB9lJ97zAIxbXe_F4SzKCLKn25vcKphsh195wW0wz94JddQV0zZMxzJhyphenhyphenI92zCSiG7DpceyT7WY2Gk6DIiQRfgDdYMLPEez3whHD3eCj4994HPUDdMcDhFMVjZJ4X/s640/BYM+Take+off.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Urban Blue-and-yellow Macaw (<i>Photo: Steve Brookes <a href="http://www.wildparrotsupclose.com/">www.wildparrotsupclose.com</a></i>)</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Campo Grande is an amazing city, stuffed with wildlife. There were Agoutis and Bare-faced Curassows by the side of the road, and Blue-and-yellow Macaws hanging off the lamp posts. After the conference, I went with Pedro Develey from SAVE Brasil, the Brazilian BirdLife partner, to help organise a new project on birds in Minas Gerais. More on this soon.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIe2xi_j7fUNC-fpdfYqMeVX-9gxLE7meBGPEFgYDz_ewA_iRxig64l5SFeJSn-lqWWRdSdykieC5qahmQQQ8kU0LgtFtKR9aVeEQfjZ9E2APZsQ3LafuAX9MpknXIAkHDO9CMXRAHo3oJ/s1600/SRSM.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjIe2xi_j7fUNC-fpdfYqMeVX-9gxLE7meBGPEFgYDz_ewA_iRxig64l5SFeJSn-lqWWRdSdykieC5qahmQQQ8kU0LgtFtKR9aVeEQfjZ9E2APZsQ3LafuAX9MpknXIAkHDO9CMXRAHo3oJ/s640/SRSM.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Southern Red-shouldered Macaws <i>Diopsittaca cumanensis </i>also live 'comfortably' in Campo Grande </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">(<i>Photo: Steve Brookes <a href="http://www.wildparrotsupclose.com/">www.wildparrotsupclose.com</a></i>)</span></span></span></span></td><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></span></span></span></span><br /></td><td class="tr-caption"></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHOqcqmPd9UVo2vkHO7LgNEQf3ER3o8qoykaUqX9q-Ps56f0qaqs1W7vLoLuxZYaXJTPu4LZYMc_rjdYwgINrLx7WnyUjlqjPISfAY_CfjNEgSIdOIBuytSL_7hKOTxj6EbmddMCKoqkRt/s1600/BYM+on+nest.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhHOqcqmPd9UVo2vkHO7LgNEQf3ER3o8qoykaUqX9q-Ps56f0qaqs1W7vLoLuxZYaXJTPu4LZYMc_rjdYwgINrLx7WnyUjlqjPISfAY_CfjNEgSIdOIBuytSL_7hKOTxj6EbmddMCKoqkRt/s640/BYM+on+nest.JPG" width="488" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Blue-and-yellow Macaw pair at nest in dead palm </span></span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">(<i>Photo: Steve Brookes <a href="http://www.wildparrotsupclose.com/">www.wildparrotsupclose.com</a></i>)</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSOCjYD6u4kJ3iVU3cf8lxzkMs0uf6ZQrKSaRNNZudKkarXaQzzxPwuBl9pbHxjTNl7TpfnR0XB7Glf0UFtF5DuFXTaBijgkN4DR-3i5yuIbeigZwTJQ26FlVZYenJtiykK85fihggkhb7/s1600/parrots+and+parrots.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSOCjYD6u4kJ3iVU3cf8lxzkMs0uf6ZQrKSaRNNZudKkarXaQzzxPwuBl9pbHxjTNl7TpfnR0XB7Glf0UFtF5DuFXTaBijgkN4DR-3i5yuIbeigZwTJQ26FlVZYenJtiykK85fihggkhb7/s640/parrots+and+parrots.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">(<i>Photo: Steve Brookes <a href="http://www.wildparrotsupclose.com/">www.wildparrotsupclose.com</a></i>)</span></span></span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />My final stop was <a href="http://www.ambiente.sp.gov.br/parque-intervales" target="_blank">Intervales State Park</a>, around five hours bus and taxi ride from Sao Paulo. I visited this place with Mauro Galetti from UNESP many years ago. Then we stayed at one of the guard/research posts in the lowlands of the park – I’m not sure where we were but I do remember seeing Jacutinga and some other lowland Atlantic Forest goodies. This time I was at the main complex accessed from Ribeirão Grande. This is a stunning place for birding – three nights at Pousada Esquilo, mountains of food and the superb Faustino to guide cost around £120.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ZCmZhr2mvRA2BkgciJc7Xe-Oy9ewfa8HQxkFVneA4SM6-iVEEs1sdFlJqosjO80yaCJKYQ_tgHgnji9HkzIuaqYhooUxRwo38JGOKW81Z5KTf8IRSPsv2NvpARoEsUyCsF8Bf9X9hVh1/s1600/Eleoscytalopus_indigoticus+Dario+sanches.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0ZCmZhr2mvRA2BkgciJc7Xe-Oy9ewfa8HQxkFVneA4SM6-iVEEs1sdFlJqosjO80yaCJKYQ_tgHgnji9HkzIuaqYhooUxRwo38JGOKW81Z5KTf8IRSPsv2NvpARoEsUyCsF8Bf9X9hVh1/s640/Eleoscytalopus_indigoticus+Dario+sanches.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Above: Great forest at Intervales State Park (<i>Photo: Stu</i>); Below: the Near-threatened White-breasted Tapaculo (<i>Photo: Dario Sanches</i>).</span></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">We saw lots of birds including some like Spot-winged Wood-quail, Hooded Berryeater, and Atlantic Forest Royal Flycatcher which I’ve not seen for years, plus some great new birds including Such’s and Short-tailed Antthrushes, Variegated Antpitta, White-breasted Tapaculo and Rusty-breasted Nunlet. I also finally saw the bamboo-loving Temminck’s Seedeater, and there is even an area where they put out corn for the lovely Red-and-white Crake.</span></span><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZyqHENQqxkqzIrIzKuyHFUBm3PywfRRZbKHnSt04DbJEDOFYbBYy2I13JDtnKV-Ct6BJDvdj3UHAxNaq-KpOT_HLWJyuEIfDd31QyoXbQnyOpNg5JzZLUQrlWtsGVoGZSJOAVEfRTuPYY/s1600/Window.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgZyqHENQqxkqzIrIzKuyHFUBm3PywfRRZbKHnSt04DbJEDOFYbBYy2I13JDtnKV-Ct6BJDvdj3UHAxNaq-KpOT_HLWJyuEIfDd31QyoXbQnyOpNg5JzZLUQrlWtsGVoGZSJOAVEfRTuPYY/s640/Window.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Above: Red-and-white Crake comes to corn at the marsh by the Administration, along with Blackish Rail (<i>Photo: Francesco Veronesi</i>); Below: Atlantic forest from my room at Pousada Esquilo (<i>Photo: Stu</i>). </span></span></td></tr>
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Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1934979347038434214.post-20363998123181502312015-12-17T12:20:00.001+00:002015-12-17T12:20:25.306+00:00‘Growing’ new habitat to predict the future for key species<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i>Posted by Matt Geary and Stu</i><br /><br />Accurate predictions of the impacts of future land use change on species of conservation<br />concern can help to inform policy-makers and improve conservation measures. In a new paper just published in <i>PLOS One</i>, we introduce a method, based on open source software, which integrates habitat suitability modelling with scenario-building. We illustrate its use by investigating the effects of alternative land use change scenarios on landscape suitability for black grouse<i> Tetrao tetrix</i> in the Scottish uplands.</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><br /><b>Likely changes in the uplands</b><br /><br />The first step was to build a habitat suitability model for the species, in this case using the well-used MaxEnt. This gave a standard map of suitability for pixels across the 800 sq km landscape in Perthshire. We wanted to simulate how the upland area might change over the next 20 years so we asked upland experts how they thought the landscape might change – they told us that most likely were changes from moorland and grazed land to open canopy forestry due to native forestry planting schemes and grazed land to moorland via a reduction in grazing.</span></span><br />
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<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">A moorland and open
woodland mix in Perthshire - a potential result of the reduced grazing scenario
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="page number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>Growing patches of new habitat</b><br /><br />To represent how these changes in land use would affect the area, we grew patches of new habitat within the existing landscape (e.g. new patches of open woodland where moorland currently exist). We grew the new patches using a piece of old script in Mathematica supplied by Ed Harris here at MMU, which was updated to work in R and embedded into our model. For each scenario, the cover of different land use types was altered by 5–30% from 20 random starting locations – this enabled us to look at how the amount of new habitat and its spatial positioning of the new land uses might affect their impact on the grouse. We then ran the MaxEnt again with the 20 new landscapes and assessed changes in suitability – much like people do with climate change scenarios and their effects on species ranges.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA87WY9rKO4pbliPNJTUVhG4VB5AFtUgoyCOEEAYrXs_N6p-98y58Q5snBJNYJFa4h-M9ZBJtIpfM61MIYo2Y5pYc1l-gOuAN_NC4fkzuOChGom8nnshIh8hxfH1UiJyCsuwxnFWoLv_zI/s1600/Figure_3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA87WY9rKO4pbliPNJTUVhG4VB5AFtUgoyCOEEAYrXs_N6p-98y58Q5snBJNYJFa4h-M9ZBJtIpfM61MIYo2Y5pYc1l-gOuAN_NC4fkzuOChGom8nnshIh8hxfH1UiJyCsuwxnFWoLv_zI/s640/Figure_3.png" width="492" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /><b>Effects of land use changes</b><br /><br />The scenario where grazed land was replaced by moorland and open forestry was the most beneficial for black grouse, and ‘increased grazing’ (the opposite conversion) the most detrimental. Positioning of new land use blocks was shown to be very important. So it is not just a case of a certain benefit or loss brought about by a certain amount habitat change - where those habitat changes occurred was also very important. This might be helpful to local land use planners and habitat managers – habitats could be placed so as to maximise benefits for a key species, or at least to minimise their detrimental effects.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfH5-b-g_fmFDPp8mRZvyIodiOpjz528DDFrTGl33S4HvBmNQ6JIDg7JfptelD-0VOBJEUqyGcb3bie5F-onWkhduaALwacHZSk_gSILqNwEIJRzBBU0ESQEbTWAr-uLFKLPDKKtpAST-I/s1600/mullmar08-11.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfH5-b-g_fmFDPp8mRZvyIodiOpjz528DDFrTGl33S4HvBmNQ6JIDg7JfptelD-0VOBJEUqyGcb3bie5F-onWkhduaALwacHZSk_gSILqNwEIJRzBBU0ESQEbTWAr-uLFKLPDKKtpAST-I/s640/mullmar08-11.JPG" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr align="left"><td class="tr-caption"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">An 'upland' mosaic: Ross of Mull
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<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Another important finding was that, while increasing the area of open canopy forestry caused a proportional decrease in suitability, suitability gains for the ‘reduced grazing’ scenario were nonlinear. Reducing grazing slightly to create small additional amounts of moor and open canopy woodland had small benefits to grouse, but reducing it by 20% had disproportionately large benefits in terms of habitat suitability for the species. Again, this kind of result might help inform local land management and even regional policy such as grant schemes promoting land use changes.</span></span><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPs5zRgf6HsouxcOS5CN9pbkMvmEFfFze3YPDqFm0mNAGVegppQ-sLQ3s1zgREtNN2OqvrkT8wYoStBgJEqA47eHgNkRTlaCsfV5BYe8OetVKRUrSdMSGFNYeKCsJKItd9KA7TapMtwM1K/s1600/Figure_4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPs5zRgf6HsouxcOS5CN9pbkMvmEFfFze3YPDqFm0mNAGVegppQ-sLQ3s1zgREtNN2OqvrkT8wYoStBgJEqA47eHgNkRTlaCsfV5BYe8OetVKRUrSdMSGFNYeKCsJKItd9KA7TapMtwM1K/s640/Figure_4.png" width="500" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">This ‘Scenario-led’ landscape simulation modelling can be applied in assessments of the impacts of land use change both on individual species but also on diversity and community measures, or ecosystem services. A next step would be to include landscape configuration more explicitly in the simulation models, both to make them more realistic, and to examine the effects of habitat placement more thoroughly. </span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;"><span lang="EN-US"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif;">Matt's</span> PhD was funded by Manchester Metropolitan University and the <a href="http://www.pheasant.org.uk/">World Pheasant Association</a></span>. Matt is now a
lecturer in Conservation Biology and Animal Behaviour at the University of
Chester. Contact him at <a href="mailto:M.Geary@Chester.ac.uk">M.Geary@Chester.ac.uk</a>. More information
about his research is at <a href="http://mattgeary.github.com/">http://mattgeary.github.com</a>.</span> </span></span><br />
<br />Stuhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/06173129110242324439noreply@blogger.com0